Analysis Of Kenan Malik s The Meaning Of Race Race,...

In Kenan Malik’s, The Meaning of Race: Race, History and Culture in Western Society, Paul Broca stated, â€Å"Race in the present state of things is an abstract conception.† He further stated that race is â€Å"a conception of continuity in discontinuity, of unity in diversity. It is the rehabilitation of a real but directly unobtainable thing.† Based on Broca’s statements, it is difficult to classify humans into racial categories because the definition of what makes a person a member of a particular race differs from region to region around the world. Scientists have collected data about the genetic make-up of people around the world in an effort to ascertain a person’s racial identity. Some groups of people do differ genetically from others, however, the methods used to categorized people depend on the genes examined. According to Bamshad and Olson (2003), many studies have demonstrated that roughly 90% of human genetic variation occurs within a p opulation living on a particular continent, whereas about 10% of the variation distinguishes continental populations. On average, people from different populations are just slightly different from one another than are individuals from the same population. Accordingly, human populations are very similar, although they can be distinguished. In the absence of a scientific categorization of race, geneticists and anthropologists normally use the racial categories used in everyday life, although these categories are often contradictory and

Essay on The First Amendment - 556 Words

The First Amendment America was built on freedom. Freedom to speak, freedom to choose, freedom to worship, and freedom to do just about anything you want within the law. America’s law was designed to protect and preserve these freedoms. The reason the United States of America came to exist was because the colonists fled Great Britain to get back the freedoms that were taken away from them by the Monarchy. In countries where Monarchies and Dictatorships rule, there is little if any freedom to speak of. Citizens of these countries are persecuted or even killed if they attempt to exercise any of the basic freedoms. In these countries there is no free speech, no right to choose government, no right to express religion, no right to own†¦show more content†¦Even in the early stages of American history there was an urge to put legally protected freedoms into written government documents. The result was the drafting of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, by James M adison. The applications of the personal freedoms described in the Bill of Rights, particularly the freedom of speech, have been challenged repeatedly in American courts of law and elsewhere. These incidents and challenges of authority reflect the defensive American attitude toward the ever-important freedom of expression and the growing significance of personal rights throughout American history. Without this amendment, women would have never had a voice in political issues. Dr. Martin Luther King would have never made his famous â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech that influenced millions. The press would have never been allowed to cover the â€Å"private affairs† of president Bill Clinton. The American citizens would never be allowed to protest, picket, rally, or make any attempt to influence the government. The framers of the Constitution were aware of consequences like these, and, in making an effort to preserve the freedom that America had fought so hard to obtain, added this and many other amendments to the Constitution. In American tradition, the value of the individual, and individual opinion, is held in high esteem. Free expression is the means by which consensus is reached and central authority is balanced. In this democracy,Show MoreRelatedThe First Amendment : The Second Amendment1738 Words   |  7 PagesThe First Amendment The first amendment is one of the most used amendments today. Everyone in the world uses it and sometimes takes advantage of it and most times uses it when needed to. The Bill Of Rights was created on December 15th of 1779 and was created to make some rules in the future because no one had the freedom to do anything. Most were punished if they spoke their opinion, they did not even have the right to choose their own religion. But that all changed when James Madison wrote the BillRead MoreThe First Amendment2227 Words   |  9 Pages101 May 10, 2016 PAPER 4 What I think that the first amendment is that The federal government will do nothing to prevent the expression of thoughts to the ones which are interested in listening to or studying approximately them, nor will it do anything to promote or stifle the exercise of any spiritual religion. Nor will it save you the residents from peacefully protesting or expressing dissent. Which can also suggest by way of the first amendment guarantees freedom of faith, however, there areRead MoreAnalysis of the First Amendment1687 Words   |  7 Pages1. In the First Amendment, the clause that states â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion† is based on the Establishment Clauses that is incorporated in the amendment. This clauses prohibits the government to establish a state religion and then enforce it on its citizens to believe it. Without this clause, the government can force participation in this chosen religion, and then punish anyone who does not obey to the faith chosen. This clause was in issue in a court caseRead MoreImportance Of The First Amendment1114 Words   |  5 PagesThe Importance of the First Amendment When our Nation had regarded themselves as thirteen newly colonies and to separate themselves from Great Britain. Congress had imparted to the state legislature twelve amendments to the Constitution. These Amendments later became the Bill of Rights, the first basic rights that the country was founded to provide. The whole point that the Bill of Rights were made was so that new Federal Government were prevented from impairing human rights and freedom. HoweverRead MoreThe Argument Of The First Amendment878 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of the First Amendment is to â€Å"ensure against government intrusions on personal freedoms such as freedom of religion, freedom of the press, free expression, freedom of association, and freedom of assembly (Michigan State University)†. So with the first amendment preventing against government intrusions on religion could a football coach at a public high school lead the players in prayer before a game? Well the answer is no, it is against the law for schools to sponsor or endorse speechRead More The First Amendment Essay1544 Words   |  7 Pageswant within that of the law. America’s law has been designed to protect and preserve these freedoms. The First Amendment guarantees freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. It assures citizens that the federal government shall not restrict freedom of worship. It specifically prohibits Congress from establishing an official, government supported church. Under The First Amendment, the federal government cannot require citizens to pay taxes to support a certain church, nor can peopleRead MoreCyberbullying And The First Amendment849 Words   |  4 PagesExamination of Cyberbullying and the First Amendment This paper addresses a situation in which a student notified this author that she was being subjected to bullying through another classmate’s Facebook page. A discussion of steps required by Oregon’s statutes, the Lake Oswego School District s board policies and the student handbook, will provide a basis for examining any First Amendment arguments that the bullying has raised, with a discussion of the author s First Amendment responses consistent withRead MoreFirst Amendment Paper1372 Words   |  6 PagesThe First Amendment Freedom is being breached all over the U.S and most of it is being taken away from the press. Sure the Patriot Act is killing everyones privacy in secrecy all over the US, but journalists and reporters are being put in jail right and left. The government has infringed on their rights in a way that should not be with the first amendment. It seems like the more people let the government do, the more steps the government takes to take first amendment rights from people. ForRead MoreThe First Amendment Essay1175 Words   |  5 Pagespetition the Government for a redress of grievances. The first and the most significant of the amendments to our Constitution is the First Amendment. The amendment that established our freedoms as citizens of our new confederation. The First Amendment insures freedom of speech and of the press. The First Amendment ratification was completed on December 15, 1791. This happened when the eleventh State, which is Virginia, approved this amendment. At that time there were fourteen States in the UnionRead More The First Amendment Essay1002 Words   |  5 Pagespress; or the right of the people to assemble peacefully, and to petition the Government for e redress of grievances. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The first and inargueably the most significant of the amendments to our Constitution is the First Amendment. The amendment that established our freedoms as citizens of our new confederation. The First Amendment insured, among other things, freedom of speech and of the press. Since the establishment of these rights, they have often been in question. People

English For Speakers Of Other Languages Program Education Essay Free Essays

string(49) " designed to learn English as a Second Language\." Chapter 1 ESOL or English for Speakers of Other Languages plan is learning English plan that used by Jakarta International School particular for his English as a Second Language ( ESL ) pupil. This plan end is assisting ESL pupils to run into the demand of academically proficiency, that is Basic Interpersonal Communicative accomplishments ( BICS ) and Cognitive Academic Language proficient ( CALP ) . The course of study of ESOL plan follows the regular schoolroom course of study so that when ESOL pupils come back to their regular schoolroom, they can follow the lesson and able to avoid the struggles or troubles that ever occur in their regular schoolroom when they are confronting some of import topics such as in math, scientific discipline, societal surveies and linguistic communication and humanistic disciplines. We will write a custom essay sample on English For Speakers Of Other Languages Program Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In maintaining with the description, ESOL plan has an of import function in bettering communicating accomplishments of ESL pupils, so that they can compose and talk English like native. As a affair of facts, a figure of ESL pupils who have no experience with English able to avoid the jobs in societal interaction and in following the lesson after they joined the plan for 6 months and the advancement get downing to demo on the first 3 months. They can pass on with instructors or friends and following the instructions. A scholar needs basic societal ( survival ) linguistic communication accomplishments before he/she can believe in that linguistic communication in an academic scene so that they can last in their new school. ESOL plan has been adopted become one of the particular plan in Jakarta International School since 1992 before JIS used English for ESL. Statement related to ESOL plan as particular plan for ESL can be quoted as follows: â€Å" In order to fix LEP pupils to successfully get the English linguistic communication, we need to establish our instructional determinations on sound, research-validated patterns that respect the person ; promote lingual and academic excellence ; and construct upon the pupils ‘ linguistic communication, civilization, old cognition, experiences, accomplishments, and endowments. Ignoring what LEP pupils bring with them would be damaging to their educational growing and development. † ( Gallnick A ; Chinn, 1990 ) . Allen, Frohlich, and Spada ( 1984:223 ) province that their construct of communicative characteristic has been derived from current theories of communicative competency, from the literature on communicative linguistic communication instruction, and from a reappraisal of recent research into first and 2nd linguistic communication acquisition. The experimental classs are designed ( a ) to capture important characteristics of verbal interaction in L2 schoolroom, and ( B ) to supply a agency of comparing some facets of schoolroom discourse with natural linguistic communication as it is used outside the schoolroom. Research Questions Based on the background above, the research inquiries in this survey are: How is ESOL plan applied to ESL pupils at JIS? How does ESOL plan work in assisting ESL pupils at JIS to run into the school demand of academic linguistic communication proficiency? What are the activities that the instructors do in the plan? Scope of the Study The survey focuses on depicting the usage of ESOL plan at JIS PIE, so that they can last in their societal interaction and in academic trials. The activities that the instructors do refering on learning learning stuffs and activities that can better pupils linguistic communication accomplishments. Purpose of the Study The intent of the survey is to depict how ESOL plan is applied at JIS and besides this plan works in bettering communicating accomplishments of ESL pupil. It related to the teachers-students ‘ activities, refering on learning learning stuffs and activities. Significance of the Study The consequence of the survey may hopefully give the images of teachers-students interactions and activities that really go on in ESOL plan that related to the betterment of communicating accomplishments of ESL at JIS PIE. Thus, English Department of Jakarta University ( UNJ ) can take an appropriate manner in developing learning English for ESL in order to better ESL pupils ‘ English accomplishments particularly communication accomplishments. Chapter 1I LITERATURE REVIEW To supply the basic theory of the research related to English for Speaker of Other Languages ( ESOL ) plan, this chapter discusses ESOL in general, ESOL plan at JIS PIE, communicating accomplishments ( BICS and CALP ) of ESL and the usage of ESOL plan that related to the betterment of communicating accomplishments. Surveies on ESOL Program ESOL is an acronym for English for Speaker of Other Languages or â€Å" English as a Second Language ( ESL ) is used to place the instruction of English linguistic communication Humanistic disciplines to pupils whose first linguistic communication is other than English while Limited English Proficient ( LEP ) is the term used to place pupils who are in the procedure of geting English linguistic communication accomplishments to to the full work in a school puting without ESOL direction alteration. A LEP pupil is non fluid in all communicative accomplishments a rear of English speech production, listening, composing, or reading and can non vie with equals in an English-Only academic scene. ESOL plan started in the beginning 1961 when the great inflow of kids from Cuba and go on to the LULAC et Al. v. State Board of Education Consent Decree ( 1990 ) is that LEP pupils will have adequate and appropriate direction to enable them to go through the needed graduation scrutiny and meet other demands for a sheepskin. The plan direction includes both entree to Language Humanistic disciplines direction through the usage of ESOL schemes and direction in the basic capable affair countries of mathematics, scientific discipline, societal surveies, and computing machine literacy. Lee Roberts to Charles Reed, ( 1991 ) said each high school recognition in basic ESOL fulfills an English high school graduation demand. Therefore, pupils who successfully complete Basic ESOL classs should â€Å" have tantamount recognition when using for entry into province universities † . LEP pupils are paced in regular English-only direction for most of the twenty-four hours and they receive excess direction in English that is designed to learn English as a Second Language. You read "English For Speakers Of Other Languages Program Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" One of the effectual attacks is â€Å" Pullout ‘ from their content schoolroom to acquire isolation in ESOL category for about 45 proceedingss. In the plan schoolroom instructor works collaboratively with ESOL squad in placing the pupils demands and advancement. Surveies on ESOL Program at JIS Pondok Indah Elementary JIS ESOL plan ends are to supply each pupil with the chance to get English through meaningful communicating in a non threatening environment and to provide them with the accomplishments needed to work satisfactorily in the mainstream schoolrooms. The scholar of the plan is ESL pupils that started from class homework to rate five. They face the undertaking of larning to pass on and map good in a linguistic communication which is non their ain. ESOL classes parallel the grade degree units and accomplishments being taught in the mainstream categories. Coordination between the mainstream schoolroom instructor and the ESOL squad in placing the pupils linguistic communication demands and developing an appropriate plan of direction ( Levine, Ph. D, 1997 ) . It besides based on the research of August A ; Pease Alvarez, 1996 ; Collier, 1995 ; Nelson, 1996, which indicates that ESOL pupils ‘ linguistic communication acquisition is facilitated by entree to rate degree and disputing course of study, entree to English speech production equals, partnership between ESL and mainstream instructors ; a antiphonal acquisition environment for a scope of larning manners and accomplishment degrees, synergistic acquisition chances ; higher order believing accomplishments ; and a high-quality English Language Arts Program. The methodological analysiss and attacks which are consistent with the plan ‘s doctrine and ends are: The Natural Approach ( Krashen A ; Terrell 1983 ) . This attack views linguistic communication acquisition as a natural procedure. For basic social/conversational English, pupils should larn to manage simple inquiry and reply state of affairss and able to discourse and compose on subjects of personal involvement. As Asher ( 1982 ) notes that Total Physical Response is a method compatible with preproduction acquisition, utilizing concrete stuffs and visuals AIDSs are effectual ways to guarantee pupil apprehension and at subsequently phase, the pupils should besides be exposed to basic academic vocabulary, survey accomplishments, and larning schemes appropriate to their demand and ability to grok the linguistic communication. Cognitive Academic linguistic communication Learning Approach ( CALLA ) . CALLA integrates linguistic communication development, content direction and expressed direction in larning schemes. Cognitive academic linguistic communication accomplishments are integrated in a multidisciplinary attack so that pupils learn linguistic communication construction that will assist them in the mainstream schoolroom. Functional Notional Approach. This attack links linguistic communication maps ( e.g. thanking, explain, apologising, measuring ) with grammatical impressions ( constructions needed to show a peculiar map ) . The accent is on communicative, non grammatical competency and is used to back up both societal and academic linguistic communication growing. A functional attack to linguistic communication development is used at JIS because a functional theoretical account of linguistic communication focal points on significance. It sees a resource of sharing information, developing thoughts, acquiring our demands and doing sense of the universe. At JIS there is accent on communicating for specific intents with peculiar audience in head. Community Language Learning Circle. This attack stresses the importance of turn toing pupils ‘ single demands and feelings. Language learning can take topographic point in the procedure of the treatment so that they have chances to pattern for covering with their schoolmates and instructors. However, alternatively of direct rectification, rephrasing and theoretical account restatements are most frequently used. Direct instruction of grammar and construction may besides be used when appropriate in a mini lesson format. Inquiry- Based acquisition. This attack promotes the thought that pupils are motivated to larn when they find an activity per se interesting and prosecuting. It encourages pupils to believe by oppugning the intent of their acquisition, doing meaningful connexion and pulling decisions. Multiple Intelligences. The construct of multiple intelligences encourages the creative activity of effectual acquisition environments through interdisciplinary surveies. Learning through music or motion, making three dimensional constructions, work outing jobs through logic and logical thinking, or understanding relationships between themselves and others, are all illustrations of dynamic springboards for linguistic communication acquisition. Surveies on Communication Skills of ESL Communication accomplishment is ability to show your ides clearly in address and authorship. Widdowson ( 1983:57 ) provinces that the purposes of linguistic communication instruction classs are normally defined in term of four accomplishments: speech production, understand address ( listening ) , reading and composing. Speaking is one of the ways to pass on, show your feelings, ideas, or sentiment in unwritten signifier. Bromley ( 1992:282 ) says that speech production is an expressive linguistic communication accomplishment in which the talker uses verbal symbols to pass on. Baker ( 2000 ; 34 ) states the speech production accomplishments is a productive accomplishments, because talker has to supply linguistic communication actively in order to pass on. Calderon ( 1988 ) ; Cohen ( 1986 ) ; Green ( 1991 ) and Kagan ( 1985 ) discuss that concerted acquisition is a dynamic scheme through which pupils develop lingual and academic accomplishments at the same time. Chamot A ; O’Malley ( 1994 ) province Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills ( BICS ) or mundane colloquial linguistic communication accomplishments, differ in a figure of ways from cognitive/academic texts, and literacy plants, where as Developing Cognitive/Academic linguistic communication Proficiency ( CALP ) presents a different challenge for 2nd linguistic communication scholars than developing BICS. BICS is societal linguistic communication. It ‘s the linguistic communication kids use on the resort area and in insouciant conversation when speaking about personal experiences. Often pupils develop BICS eloquence rather rapidly and can see, on the surface, to expose greater linguistic communication proficiency that they really posses. The BICS features as followed: Universal facets of linguistic communication proficiency that are usually acquired by all native talkers of any linguistic communication. Colloquial linguistic communication eloquence ; included pronunciation, grammar, basic vocabulary ‘ Ability to understand and talk informally with friends, parents, instructors, schoolmates. Those linguistic communication accomplishments needed for mundane face-to-face communicating ; personal ; societal state of affairss. Contexts are non clear and by and large concrete Not demanding ; non much abstract believing ; becomes about mechanical/automatic. May take up to two old ages to develop in a 2nd linguistic communication. CALP is the more formal, academic linguistic communication required to pass on about abstract or complex thoughts. This is the linguistic communication needed for success in the class degree course of study content countries and the CALP features as followed: Those linguistic communication accomplishments associated with literacy and cognitive development. Success with tests and academic undertakings. Language accomplishments required to travel beyond ordinary societal communicating. Language accomplishments needed for concluding, job resolution, or other cognitive procedures required for academic accomplishment in topic matter/included those academic accomplishments needed to understand and show abstract constructs in the schoolroom such as literacy, job resolution, test-taking, concluding, argument, sentiment. Cognitively demanding, de contextualized. May take 5-7 old ages to develop in a 2nd linguistic communication. CALP developed in a first linguistic communication contributes to the development of CALP in a 2nd linguistic communication. Cummins ( 1979 ) has conceptualized this in footings of the linguistic communication usage ( from context-embedded to context-reduced ) and of the footings of the grade of cognitive engagement required for communicating ( from cognitively undemanding to cognitively demanding ) : Cummingss ( 1981 ) , Curtain and Pesola ( 1988, 1994 ) Degree of Difficulty Examples of Activities A ( less linguistic communication dependant ; cognitively undemanding ) Presentations Illustrations Following waies P.E. , music, art Face-to-face conversation Simple games Bacillus ( more linguistic communication dependant ; cognitively undemanding ) Telephone conversation written notes Oral or written waies for accomplishments already learned C ( less linguistic communication dependant ; cognitively demanding ) Manipulative-based math activities Science experiments Social surveies undertakings ( mapping ) Calciferol ( more linguistic communication dependant ; cognitively demanding ) Contented country accounts without diagrams or illustrations Mathematic word jobs without illustrations Explanation of new constructs Standardized testing The usage of ESOL plan that related to the betterment of communicating accomplishments of ESL pupils at JIS PIE campus. Nunan ( 1999 ) province communicating is a collaborative accomplishment in which the talkers negotiate significance in order to accomplish their ends. Therefore, a talker ‘s communicative success will be partially determined by the accomplishments of the other individual. In bettering communicating accomplishments of ESL pupils, ESOL plan works collaboratively with schoolroom the instructors. The activities in ESOL plan is following the lesson or subject that presents in the schoolroom, but in ESOL plan discuss or emphasis more about the diction. However the ESOL plan function more to bridge the ESL pupils into English. Krashen ( 1985 ) province pupils get linguistic communication when they are engage in an activity in which they do non experience pressured. Gallnick A ; Chinn ( 1990 ) discussed how to do LEP pupils successfully get the English linguistic communication. They need to establish their instructional determination on sound, research-validated patterns that respect the person ; promote lingual and academic excellence ; and construct upon the pupils ‘ linguistic communication, civilization, old cognition, experiences, accomplishments, and endowments. Nathan birnbaums and Joyce ( 1997:134 ) place three sets of factors that decelerate the betterment of talking accomplishments of ESL pupils. It may be due to cultural factors that derive from scholars ‘ anterior acquisition experiences and the outlooks created by these outlooks. Linguisticss factors include troubles in reassigning from the scholar ‘s first languages to the sounds, rimes, and stress form of English, troubles with the native talker pronunciation of the instructor, a deficiency of apprehension of common grammatical forms in English ( e.g. English tenses ) and how these may be different from their ain linguistic communication, deficiency of acquaintance with the cultural or societal cognition required to treat significance. While psychical and affectional factors include civilization daze, old negative societal or political experiences, deficiency of motive, anxiousness or shyness in category. Bygate ( 1987:4 ) divided talking accomplishments into two sub acc omplishments: motor-perceptive and interaction accomplishments. Motor-perceptive accomplishment refers to the ability to comprehend, remember, and joint the cognition in the right order sounds and construction of the linguistic communication. Mackey ( 1965:266 ) in Bygate ( 1987:5 ) argues that in order to be good at speech production, one has to take the right signifiers and words, utilize them in the correct forms, be able to sound like a native talker and convey the right significance. This accomplishment can be developed through the speech production exercisings such as theoretical account duologue, pattern pattern, unwritten drill, expression and say exercisings, and unwritten composing. While interaction accomplishments refer to the ability to command the linguistic communication production and do picks such as doing determinations about communicating affecting what to state, how to state and develop it, how to keep the coveted dealingss with others, and so on. The non-native talkers need to be cognizant that the linguistic communication is tightly related to the civilization. They have to cognize what is accepted and non in the mark linguistic communication. As stated by Robinson ( 1991 ) , cited by Celce-Murcia et. Al ( 1995:25 ) in their article, that the acquisition of 2nd linguistic communication can non be separated with the acquisition of the 2nd civilization. Montgomery and Eisenstein ( 1985 ) supported that chances to pattern the linguistic communication in communicative state of affairss was of import for linguistic communication acquisition. Chapter III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research inquiry in this survey Base on the background above, the research inquiries in this survey are: How is ESOL plan applied to ESL pupils at JIS? How does ESOL plan work in assisting ESL pupils at JIS to run into the school demand of academic linguistic communication proficiency? And What are the activities that the instructors do in the plan? In order to reply the inquiries above, this survey was designed as a descriptive analytical survey which applied interview and observation as the methods of the survey. 3.1. Data Collection Methods The informations aggregation method involved the participant, clip and topographic point, instruments of the survey, and informations aggregation processs. 3.1.1. Participant of the Study After detecting several times in ESOL category, it was found that two instructors use the same scheme and attack in bettering communicating accomplishments of participants, while the other one merely concentrate on reading. The topics of these three ESOL instructors is every night reading books, while the two instructors who taught communications accomplishments, taught subject, word of the twenty-four hours, board games and analogy. These two categories are more merriment than the other one. Interview sources The interview sources of the survey were the three instructors who taught ESOL and six ESOL pupils from class one that taken indiscriminately from the three categories. Burns ( 2002 ) notes that trying mistake is reduced by stratification for the sample can non differ from the population with regard to the stratifying factors. Stratified sampling is trying in which group within the population are each sampled indiscriminately because population can be divided on the footing of societal category rank, sex, degree of intelligence or degree of anxiousness. The three instructors as interview sources were besides the topics of the survey in the schoolroom observation. 3.1.2. The Time and Place of Study The survey was conducted in ESOL categories at Jakarta International School Pondok Indah Elemenetary ( JIS PIE ) . The schoolroom observation was done from October 2006 to May 2007 while the interview was around January 2007 and May 2007. The Instruments of the Study In obtaining the information, the survey used schoolroom observation and guided interview as the instruments of the survey Classroom Observation Classroom observation was chosen as a agency of roll uping informations that is to acquire the information and description every bit exactly as possible by capturing important characteristics of verbal interaction in ESOL categories and description of schoolroom activities that relate to communicative characteristics or the usage of mark linguistic communication. Allen, Frohlich, and Spada ( 1984:223 ) note that the experimental classs are designed to capture important characteristics of verbal interaction in L2 schoolrooms, and to supply a agency of comparing some facets of schoolroom discourse with natural linguistic communication as it is used outside the schoolroom. It took topographic point in Jakarta International School Pondok Indah Elementary at Kamboja 24 and 25 faculties and was done from October 2006 to May 2007. The schoolroom observation of the instructor 1 ( ESOL1 ) was done from October 2006 to November 2006. For instructor 2 ( ESOL 2 ) the observation was done from January 2007 to February 2007, and teacher 3 ( ESOL 3 ) the observation was done from April 2007 to May 2007. The information recorded base on the Nunan ( 1993 ) about COLT strategy as reference below. All activities that the instructors did during the categories was recorded and noted on the observation notes ( field notes ) Lightbown and Spada ( 1993 ) found that schoolroom informations from a figure of surveies offer support for the position that form-focused direction and disciplinary feedback provided within the context of a communicative plan are more effectual in advancing 2nd linguistic communication acquisition. Chaudron ( 1988 ) identifies 84 different classs in the COLT ( Communication Orientation of Language learning ) . The COLT consists of the description of schoolroom activities, it consist of: the activity type, the participant organisation, the content, the pupil mode, and stuffs, and it relates to communicative characteristics such as the usage of the mark linguistic communication, information spread, sustained address, reaction to code or message, incorporation of predating vocalization, discourse induction, and comparative limitation to lingual signifier. The purpose of this strategy is to enable the perceiver to depict every bit exactly as possible. Classroom Observation Scheme: Table 1 QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF THE COLT SCHEME Feature Questions Part A: schoolroom Activities 1a. Activity type 2a. Participant organisation 3a. Content 4a. Student mode 5a. Materials Part B: schoolroom linguistic communication 1b. Use mark linguistic communication 2b. Information spread 3b. Sustained address 4b. Chemical reaction to code message 5b. Incorporation of predating vocalization 6b. Discourse induction 7b. Relative limitation of lingual signifier What is the activity type -e.g. , drill, function drama, command? Is the instructor working with the whole category or non? Are pupils working in groups or separately? If group work, how is or organized? Is the focal point on schoolroom direction, linguistic communication ( signifier, map, discourse, sociolinguistics ) , or other? Is the scope of subjects wide or narrow Who selects the topic-teacher, pupils, or both? Are pupils involved in listening, speech production, reading, composing, or combination of these? What types of stuffs are used? How long is the text? What is the source/purpose of the stuffs? How controlled is their usage? To what extent is the mark linguistic communication used? To what extent is requested information predictable in progress? Is discourse extended or restricted to a individual sentence, clause or word? Does the middleman react to code or message? Does the talker integrate the predating vocalization into the his or her part? So scholars have chances to originate discourse? Does the instructor expect a specific signifier, or is there no outlook of a peculiar lingual signifier? Nunan, D. ( 1993 ) . Research Methods in Language Learning ( p. 99 ) . Cambridge University Press. Interview Interview was chosen as a agency of roll uping informations that is to acquire more item information about how this plan works in bettering their communicating accomplishments. As Johnston ( 1985 ) said, the unwritten interview has been used by 2nd linguistic communication acquisition research worker seeking informations on phases and procedures of acquisition and Ingram ( 1984 ) said that it besides as a agency of measuring proficiency. Brown and Rodgers ( 2002 ) describe interview is done orally face to confront format on telephone or in groups and that is besides the most utile for detecting what the issues are in a peculiar study undertaking or even for happening out which inquiries should be asked. Hammersley A ; Atkinson, 1983 ) province the interview format could be described as brooding. To minimise the research worker ‘s influence on what the interviewee said, but at the same clip the interview followed a model so that they covered certain cardinal countries identified in my ongoing related research and my reading of the literature. The inquiries asked in the interview were designed to arouse a big sample of vocalizations ( Spradley, 1979 ) . Participants were encouraged to reply at length. Initial inquiry largely open-ended and descriptive ( Spradley, 1979 ) , such as â€Å" Can you describe the typical part from ESOL plan for you † ? And â€Å" Do you run into some jobs with math and scientific discipline? Do the ESOL plan helps you in the category? â€Å" , and â€Å" Do you run into some jobs with your instructor and friends when you interacted with them or make they understand what you said and do you understand what they want? â€Å" , â€Å" How ma ke you manage that? Structural inquiries ( Spradley, 1979 ) , such as â€Å" Could you give me other illustrations of jobs you have in the regular schoolroom. The interview was addressed around January 2007 and May 2007 to six ESOL pupils and for the three ESOL instructors, interview was taken at the same twenty-four hours with the schoolroom observation that is after the schoolroom observation done. There were 12 inquiries for pupils and 10 for instructors included 6 points for the constructs of ESOL, 2 points for the parts of ESOL and 2 for ESOL plan that related to communicating accomplishments betterment, prepared before carry oning the interview. The interview is to expect the possible failings of questionnaire as Burns ( 2002 ) described, who purposes there is no chance to get auxiliary experimental informations. Besides, the respondents ‘ motive for replying the questionnaire is unknown. Model for Analysis of Interview Data for Teachers Material Questions Concepts of ESOL ESOL parts ESOL plan plants related to the communicative accomplishments ( BICS and CALP ) betterment What is ESOL plan? Why do they hold to fall in the plan? And how? How the ESOL plan plants in placing advancement or failings of the pupils? What is BICS AND CALP? How do you develop pupils BICS and CALP? What stuff do you utilize for your category? What is ESOL model? What is the English linguistic communication proficiency criterion for ESOL pupil? How ESOL plan helps ESL to run into academically linguistic communication proficiency ( BICS and CALP ) Can you explicate it? How make you assist them in avoiding jobs in their content schoolroom such as: Manipulative-based math activities? Mathematic word jobs without illustrations? Science experiments? Explanations of new constructs? Maping undertakings? Standardized testing? What skills normally do ESOL pupils show first or survive? Reading, speech production, or composing? Spradley, J. P. ( 1979 ) . The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart A ; Winston. Model for Analysis of Interview Data for pupils Material Questions Concepts of ESOL ESOL parts ESOL plan plants in bettering communicative accomplishments ( BICS and CALP ) What is ESOL plan? Why do you hold to fall in the plan? Can you talk English now? Make you understand when your friends or instructors ask you to make something? Or can you explicate to them what you want or what you mean? Make you still have any jobs with English? Yes ( what is that? ) How ESOL plan helps you into English or what do you make in the plan? Can you depict it? Now, do you hold any jobs in making: Manipulative-based math activities? Mathematic word jobs without illustrations? Science experiments? Explanations of new constructs? Maping undertakings? Standardized testing? What can you make best? Reading, speech production, or composing? Spradley, J. P. ( 1979 ) . The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart A ; Winston. Data Collection Procedures The informations were obtained through schoolroom observation and interview. Classroom observation of ESOL 1 category was conducted for two months ( October to November 2006 ) . Classroom observation of ESOL 2 Class was conducted for two months ( January to February 2007 ) and classroom observation of ESOL3 category was conducted for besides two months ( April to May 2007 ) .The instructors ‘ activities refering on learning learning stuffs and activities were recorded and noted. The information of the instructors ‘ activities that could non be obtained through entering were noted on the field notes. The informations could non be obtained through schoolroom observation were collected through interview. The interview were addressed to the three ESOL instructors and 6 ESOL pupils from grade one or beginner degree. The interviews of the three instructors were done after the schoolroom observation while the interviews for the six pupils were done from January 2007 to May 2007. The inquiries included in interview sheet were asked to all interviewees. 3.2. Datas Analysis Data collected in this survey were analyzed by concentrating them into ESOL plan plants to accomplish academically linguistic communication proficiency of ESL that included learning larning scheme and attack, stuff and activities. In term of scheme and attack the informations were obtained to analyse what sort of schemes and approaches the instructors used to develop communicating accomplishments. In term of learning larning stuffs, the informations were obtained to analyse what sort of stuff s the instructors used to develop pupils BICS and CALP so that they can last in their societal interaction and following the lesson in the category or making the appraisal ( test ) , whether the stuffs were reliable, who provided the stuffs, and troubles of acquiring the appropriate stuffs experienced by the instructors. In term of learning larning activities, the informations were used to depict schoolroom speech production, reading and composing activities promoted by the instructors Chapter IV DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS OF THE STUDY In this chapter, the information analysis and the consequence of the survey will be presented in order to reply the research inquiry of the survey: How does ESOL plan work in assisting ESL pupils at JIS to run into the school demand of academic linguistic communication proficiency? What schemes and attacks, stuffs and activities instructors use and do in the plan? The information collected will analyzed by categorising them into three concerns of instructors ‘ activities which are learning larning scheme and attack, learning larning stuff and activities. The information besides involves the exposure and the treatment of the ESOL course of study and model. 4.1. Datas Analysis 4.1.1. The Activities of Teacher 1 ( ESOL 1 ) Teaching Learning Material In ESOL 1 category, when the instructor was learning a group grade one ( beginner degree ) , she merely focused on reading, but when she taught progress novice degree, she applied assorted activities for assorted linguistic communication accomplishments. From the interview she said that assorted activities for assorted linguistic communication accomplishments applied for all categories she taught. I: How do you develop your pupils ‘ BICS and CALP? And what stuff do you utilize for your category? ESOL 1: My category was non merely concentrating on reading accomplishments. To develop BICS, I gave cardinal words of the twenty-four hours. It bridged them in to basic societal interaction linguistic communication. Sometimes I gave them an synergistic board games or words games to do them pattern their societal interaction and normally I end the twenty-four hours with composing a diary. But on mundane observation of the ESOL 1 category for beginner degree ( rate one ) did non demo that phenomenon because the activities were ever the same. The stuffs that the instructors used merely taken from one beginning that was flat books from ESOL 1class library and there was non from any beginnings such as newspaper, magazines or cyberspace. Teaching Learning Activities The ESOL 1 instructor did different activities for progress novice degree, but for the novice degree she merely focused to reading. In novice degree she has 6 pupils for about 45 proceedingss. She opened the category with Silent reading. Students took the book base on their degree and read it by themselves for two times while ESOL 1 instructor merely working on her computing machine. This activity occurred approximately 5 to 7 proceedingss. Their degree book criterion was introduced by their schoolroom instructors. After that, the instructors announced Reading to Friend. Here they read each others for two times. At this clip, the instructor maintain working on her computing machine and in approximately 2 proceedingss she start joined the pupils and name one pupil to read it to her while her spouse joined to the other group. Then she asked approximately chief thought, plotting, characters, how the narrative begins and how the narrative terminal, who the favourite character in the narrative is and why do they like it, and sometimes she asked to recite the narrative. The activities so continued to the following phase that was Show and Tell. Here the pupils have to state a narrative about anything. It can be about an interesting journey, favourite plaything, an interesting thing that they merely bought or got, or everything that made them desire to portion with others while the instructor listens attentively and helps for some hard words. This activity focused on speech production. The point of hiting was how they told the narrative, confidently or get downing to be a confident talkers. This activity besides can non be applied to all pupils since the restriction of the clip. The findings show that ESOL1 teacher frequently assigned the pupils to work in braces foremost before inquiring them to work separately and the activities in this category show that the instructor merely focused on reading accomplishments and small spot to talking country. From the interview with 2 novices flat pupils ( rate one ) from ESOL1 category show that: I: what make you make in ESOL category? ESOL 1 s1: It so deadening, you know? Everyday we have to read and read after that Show and Tell. That ‘s all. I: nil else? ESOL 1 s2: No, nil else, every meeting like that. It ‘s so deadening. I hate to travel to the ESOL category. The Activities of Teacher 2 ( ESOL 2 ) Teaching Learning Material In ESOL 2 category, the instructor used many sorts of stuffs. For Discuss the Book, the stuff was from the degree book from her category library. For the Morning Words, she used the hard words from the book discussed. In Language Room, she wrote some sentences to bridge them in their societal interactions To Your Schoolmates, To Your Teacher and Teacher To you, such as ‘do you haveaˆÂ ¦ ( capable ) aˆÂ ¦today? ‘ , ‘what doesaˆÂ ¦ ( word ) aˆÂ ¦ mean? ‘ , ‘I do n’t understandaˆÂ ¦ ( word ) aˆÂ ¦ ‘ , ‘hand in your prep tomorrow ‘ . For Language Deductions, she introduced some words that taken from the subject in their content schoolroom. For illustration the subject was about World of Work from Social Studies subjects in class one, after that she asked them to compose about the same subject on their writing diary and some of the board games. Teaching Learning Activities In ESOL 2 category, the learning acquisition activities were assorted. The instructor used different activities on different meetings ( 2 yearss a hebdomad ) . This was a little category with merely 3 or 4 pupils each session. Different with the ESOL category 1 the figure of pupils some times 6 individual ( 2 category of class one together ) . The ESOL 2 instructor opened the lesson with soundless reading for two times and so she called them one by one to show their book in Discuss the Book. Here the instructor sat together with the pupils and so she asked them about the chief thought, the character, how the narrative Begin, how the narrative terminal, plotting, the best portion of the narrative, and the hard words. Students worked separately. From here, she developed the hard words into Morning Word. She asked another pupil to construe the word and eventually she told them the significance. After Morning Word the lesson moved to Language Room. The instructor introduced some of the conversation linguistic communication that normally used in their societal interaction to their schoolmate or instructor. Students worked together and discussed the words ‘ significance and the instructor so when she found that her pupils reply was non right straight explained the significance. For the following lesson was Show and Tell, b ut sometimes they did Writing Journal or played a board game such as Parachutes and Ladders, Candyland, Uno, Yatzee, Clue, Sorry, Leggos, cards games, draughtss and cheat. Sometimes in some juncture she taught different activities than it was such as in for UN Day, Earth Day or Indonesian Week. The Activities of Teacher 3 ( ESOL 3 ) Teaching Learning Material In ESOL 3 category, the instructor used many sorts of stuffs. For Discuss the Book, she used book from the degree book in her schoolroom library. She used the hard words from the book discussed for the Morning Words. In Language Room, she discussed some sentences on the white board. For Language Deductions, she introduced some words that taken from the subject in their content schoolroom. For subject of the twenty-four hours, she prepares a brochure, light brown colour, tan colour, ruddy, tap, black and white of manilla documents, gum, markers, and scissors. Teaching Learning Activities In ESOL 3 category, the learning acquisition activities were about the same with instructor ESOL 2. ESOL 3 category merely taught progress novice to intercede degree, so that the category activities were small spot higher than the other categories. The activities more about public presentation words such as public presentation verbs that based on the six Aspects of Understanding. They are: explain, interpret, apply, position, empathy, and self-knowledge. The instructor opened the lesson with Discuss the Book. Here the instructor asked them about the chief thought, the character, how the narrative Begin, how the narrative terminal, plotting, the best portion of the narrative, and the hard words. Teacher sat together with her pupils and helped them when they found any troubles. From here, she moved to topic of the twenty-four hours. They made A Rain cervid Puppet. She asked the pupils to do like the sample on the white board. After they finished the occupation, they are asked to make the brochure. The brochure was about how to do a Rain cervid Puppet. They have to compose the procedure of doing a caribou marionette, but they besides have to compose the ground why they have to make that activity. Teaching Learning Activities Activities Nightly Reading Discuss Book Morning Wordss Show A ; Tell Language Room Language Deduction Analogy Board Games Writing Journal Novice ESOL 1. ESOL2, ESOL3 ESOL 1. ESOL2, ESOL3 ESOL2, ESOL3 ESOL 1. ESOL2, ESOL3 ESOL2, ESOL3 ESOL2, ESOL3 ESOL2, ESOL3 ESOL2, ESOL3 ESOL2, ESOL3 Advance Beginner ESOL 1. ESOL2, ESOL3 ESOL 1. ESOL2, ESOL3 ESOL 1. ESOL2, ESOL3 ESOL2, ESOL3 ESOL 1. ESOL2, ESOL3 ESOL2, ESOL3 ESOL2, ESOL3 ESOL2, ESOL3 ESOL 1. ESOL2, ESOL3 Consequences of the Study The findings showed that in ESOL plan ESOL squad works together with schoolroom instructors. In ESOL squad there are ESOL instructors, specializers, frailty rule and parents. The ESOL plan ends can be achieved because of this solid coaction and schemes, attacks and activities that are used in learning learning activities. In Using the plan ESOL 1 instructor, taught less assorted activities so that her pupils felt that ESOL 1 category was non fun, but tiring. It was supported from the interview with 2 of her pupils. When the research worker asked her about it in illegal interview that was at the terminal of the observation twenty-four hours, she answered that it was based on the demand of the schoolroom instructors. I: Ma’am, why do you learn beginner degree with less assorted activities and merely concentrate to one or two accomplishment? ESOL1: Oo, that was non as what I want. The schoolroom instructors ‘ required this. I merely followed to what they want. Make you understand? I: Sooner state, I got it ma’am. Thank you. And when the research worker asked about this to the schoolroom instructor, the schoolroom instructor said that she did n’t necessitate anything from the ESOL instructor. If the manner ESOL 1 teacher taught like that the schoolroom instructors feel disagree as pupils have had that sort of activities in their regular schoolroom. ESOL 2 and 3 instructors look like more manageable. They applied about all schemes, attacks and activities of ESOL plan. The consequence from the interview to their pupils besides the same, that they feel happy for this category and the plan truly helped them in making the trials and appraisals in their regular schoolroom. The consequence for ESOL1, ESOL 2, ESOL 3 category in pupils betterments in their advancement study were about the same. The different merely showed on their day-to-day public presentation. ESOL 1 pupils in their regular schoolroom still met some jobs in making some topics. They still have n’t improved their cognitive accomplishments because less of pattern in ESOL category before it besides means that they have n’t truly avoided from the struggle in the schoolroom. But ESOL 2 and ESOL 3 pupils can make it swimmingly. They can avoid from the struggle in the schoolroom. The consequences described that the plan was non truly effectual if the instructors can non transform the accomplishments really good. Activity is one of the ways to pattern the accomplishments, so when a instructor used less assorted activities for some accomplishments, the learning accomplishments can non run into the instruction mark. In ESOL plan instance ; there was a solid coaction between ESOL instructors and schoolroom instructors in bettering communicative accomplishments of ESL pupils. Even though ESOL 1 category consequences were non truly good, it is still helped by the schoolroom instructors. Here, the schoolroom instructors were more active than the ESOL instructor. They used assorted activities and stuffs to hike their pupils ‘ accomplishments, but it does n’t intend that the ESOL instructors can trust on them. Chapter V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Decision In ESOL plan, ESOL instructors and schoolroom instructors have to do a good coaction in bettering their pupils ‘ accomplishments that is communicating accomplishments without it the plan end can non be achieved. The ESOL methods and attacks that are used at JIS to better Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills ( BICS ) and Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency ( CALP ) are Natural Approach is used for learning basic conversation. CALLA attack is used to learn content direction and linguistic communication construction. Functional Notional attack is used to learn linguistic communication map that is focused on communicating. Community Language Learning Circle attack is used to learn the importance of turn toing pupils ‘ single demands and feelings. Inquiry-Based Learning attack is used to construct pupil ‘s motive in larning when they find activity per se interesting and prosecuting. And Multiple Intelligence is used to promote the creative activity of effectual a cquisition environments through interdisciplinary surveies. Their coaction was non merely in placing the pupils ‘ failings, but besides the pupils advancement in some mark accomplishments. The ESOL instructors record their pupils ‘ advancement and study it to the schoolroom instructor. Here the schoolroom instructor supervised their pupils ‘ advancement and betterment. If under her supervising the pupils showed different from ESOL instructors ‘ study, the schoolroom instructors will discourse it once more with the ESOL instructors. All the stuffs that pupils got or learned in ESOL category were utile in their societal interaction and in making their undertakings, lessons and appraisals in their regular schoolroom. The subjects of the lesson in ESOL category followed the regular schoolroom course of study, so it is coherency between learning and the application. In Jakarta International School Pondok Indah Elementary all the ESOL instructors use assorted activities to better ESL pupils ‘ communicating accomplishments, but merely one ESOL instructor who was non making the same activities as the other ESOL instructors for all her categories. For beginner degree in ESOL 1, pupils merely faced reading and reading in all session at every meeting. Different from the other ESOL categories that are used assorted activities and stuffs in their instruction acquisition activities, these categories were more merriment than ESOL 1 category that the pupils felt deadening and did non enthusiast to travel to ESOL category and fall in the plan. All instructors promoted BICS and CALP betterment, but it can non be achieved with all ESOL instructors without working together with the schoolroom instructors. The mark learning accomplishments focal point for every instructor was besides different. Based on the category room observation, ESOL 1 instructor merely focused her learning larning on reading and talking accomplishments while the remainder focused on all accomplishments that are required more activities and stuffs in their instruction acquisition activities. Unfortunately, instructor who ever gives less assorted activities and stuffs does n’t desire to open her head and repair her instruction scheme and attack. So at this clip, the ESOL plan ends can non successfully be achieved. 5.2 Recommendation The methods, schemes, attacks, stuffs and activities that are used in ESOL plan truly improved the ESL communicating accomplishments, and this is supported by the schoolroom instructors and the activities. It will ever be coherency because the ESOL course of study followed the regular schoolroom course of study. So that all the ESOL instructors have to use them in their instruction acquisition activities. The coaction between ESOL instructors and schoolroom instructors must be supported by the coaction among ESOL instructors. To accomplish the instruction mark, all instructors have to work together. The plan that are already applied and win for along clip, have to be supported. The ESOL instructor who did non use all the ESOL instruction methods, schemes and attacks have to repair her public presentation, so that the plan end of ESL pupils proficiency in BICS and CALP can successfully be achieved. How to cite English For Speakers Of Other Languages Program Education Essay, Essay examples

Analysis and Design of an E-Commerce Site

Question: Describe about the Analysis and Design of an E-Commerce Site. Answer: The issues that can be addressed from the above addressed research questions are Issue 1 - Consumer behaviour is a tangible thing that defines the success of the business and it cannot be defined with a single factors. There is no one factor and one method to design e-commerce website design. Issue 2 - There is no formula or an automated process to measure and test efficiency of the website of the commerce, towards making an efficient and effective design of the website. Issue 3 - Web analytics have greater influence on the e-commerce website design and it changes dynamically and consistently, so the e-commerce website design becomes a greater issue. Issue 1 Consumer Behaviour The evolution of the e-commerce, has been based on the consumer and organization behaviour. The buying behaviour of consumer is greatly influenced by effective design of the e-commerce website. According to Kalakota and Whinston, e-commerce can be defined as the buying and selling of information products and services through network of computers, where the computer network in this context, primarily indicating the internet (Buettner Ricardo, 2016). However, the term has been used to encompass not only the activities of buying and selling, as specified above, but also the using of the technologies of the internet, such as intranets, emails for sharing and exchanging the information either with the external stakeholders or the stakeholders within the firm (Power Mihael, 2013). There are other definitions of the e-commerce and according to them, e-commerce is referred to the strategies, procedures, policies needed for supporting the electronic interaction incorporation to the business environment. A better and comprehensive e-Commerce definition, among various definitions can be the ability of performing the business transactions and complete contracts that involve services and goods exchange, between two or among more than two parties with the help of internet, electronic and / or telecommunication tools techniques, strategies and policies. During the twenty first century, the companies have started establishing their presence online with the vision and purpose of maintaining their competitive edge. Internet has become a great potential and essential tool, because of high speed internet connections, and eventually, businesses started competing both domestically and globally. The rapid growth of depth and breadth of the internet has changed the ways that the most businesses do operate. And e-Commerce has been enabled by internet and started offering both the businesses and customers, as a unique channel for offering and purchasing services and goods. These business relationships have been created, transformed and strengthened by using the inter-networked computers, used by e-Commerce. Electronic commerce exists in various groups and some of the groups that are Business-to-Business (B2B), Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C), Business-to-Consumer (B2C). Business-to-Business: The roots of the B2B exist from the networks of Electronic Data Exchange (EDI) that have been established in between the businesses, organizations and their respective suppliers, manufacturers of the related industry. Companies started conducting their businesses right from prospecting towards processing of the order and online delivery. The e-commerce of B2B consists of use of exchanges over the marketplaces that are based on internet, in which the companies that participate can sell or purchase a wide range of products, where some of them are specific to the specific industry and some of them are generic across industries (Ewaryst et al., 2009). Business-to-Customer: B2C, which is a popular and greatly successful e-Commerce business has been introduced and conducting throughout the world, in which the companies started offering the products and services online over their websites and wherein the consumer access their websites and start purchasing the products and services. Consumer-to-Consumer: Apart from the major e-Commerce B2B and B2C transactions, interactions and transactions of e-Commerce may have other kinds, majorly consumer-to-consumer interactions and transactions. The interaction and transactions are performed among the individual consumers, within the organization, in the form of private auctions and sales. Business-to-Business-to-Consumer: These e-commerce organizations offer some of their own products and services to the businesses of the client, which maintain their own customer base for business. For example, eBay can be the best example, which offers a virtual marketplace to their customers, who can be either individuals or even businesses that sell the products to their own customers, through eBay. Government-to-Business: G2B e-commerce enable the organizations of the government to provide interaction, information, services and businesses to companies. Government-to-Consumer: G2C e-commerce allow the organizations of government to offer the interaction, information, services and business to consumers. Peer-to-Peer: P2P e-commerce offer the peer computers that are networked to process and share the data among themselves directly and it can be used in other e-commerce modes, B2B, B2C and B2B. Location-based Commerce: L-commerce offer the transactions of the m-commere to target at individuals at specific locations during specific durations, similar to the navigation systems used in the cars. Mobile Commerce: M-commerce allow the e-commerce activities, such as interactions and transactions to be conducted through wireless and so these operations and so products and services can be purchased through cell phones. Collaborative Commerce: C-commerce allow groups or individuals to collaborate and communicate online, by creating such environment. Intra-business e-commerce: It allows all the activities of the internal organizations, which involve activities, such as exchange of services, goods or information. ICT and Business Information and Communication Technology or ICT is equally an important integral part of the e-commerce, similar to the information technology. According to the reports after the surveys, there is an estimation of 20 million workers in the UK involve in using ICT in some or the other form. Eventually, running ICT to deliver the value has become crucial for healthier business (Ahmed Iqbal, 2009). The enterprise systems are well integrated with information technology and information and communication technology systems connecting various functions related to the business. Some of the examples of these enterprise are, Customer Relationship Management, Enterprise Resource Planning, Product Lifecycle Management and Supply Chain Management, etc. They are referred as integration tools. And when these tools are implemented properly, they could enhance productivity, through maintaining huge corporate data, by automating work process and satisfying the requirements of the regulatory compliance. Information and communication technology support e-Commerce to facilitate further, by providing necessary channels for architectures of the e-commerce, like Electronic Fund Transfer and Electronic Data Interchange. EFT Electronic Fund Transfer is a method used to transfer funds from an individual or an organization to another, electronically, like EFTPOS (Electronic Funds Transfer at Point of Sale) that provides transfer of money automatically, to the seller, from buyer during the sale. EDI Electronic Data Exchange involves information exchange among various companies, by the help of the computer network, like the internet. It involves data exchanges among the computers, such as orders, invoices and various business documents. So, the end result would be improving the efficiency and savings of the cost, since, the possible errors can be minimized, which occur if the information has to be entered repeatedly into the computers, more than once (Eisingerich et al., 2008). In addition to that, EDI provides a mechanism that enables the e-commerce for the companies to sell, trade and buy the information, by making it easily accessible. EDI systems are embraced by major corporations in the market of B2B, towards improving the efficiency and reducing the costs and increasing the competitiveness. The EDI system in the retail market, it allows the retailer for implementing the strategies that give quick responses that would eventually reduce the overall time that they should hold merchandise in terms of inventory and it would end up in savings of the cost for the retailer. ERP Enterprise Resource Planning system has been embedded with best practices and provides the best ways to perform the business activities, based on academic theory or common business practices. The ERP software has the aim for improving interaction and co-operation in between various departments in the organizations, like manufacturing, planning, marketing, purchasing and customer service departments. ERP stands as an effective managerial tool and enabling key technology that allows companies to integrate the functions, in all the levels and utilising various applications of ERP, like Accounting management, financial management, Supply-chain Management, Customer Relationship Management and Human Resources Management. These applications stand as the best examples, representing large, computerised, complex and integrated information systems that an influence the success of business in long0term, strongly. ERP is evolved into the form that they are in present, from accounting tools implemented by large corporations for processing of payroll during 1950s. According to Bernroider and Tang, ERP was evolved for financial controlling initially, but started covering the total stock management process later. Production process was automated with Materials Requirement Planning during 1970s, through scheduling of material purchasing and operations, based on the current and forecasted requirements related to the finished goods and production facility constraints. The later versions of the MRP, II, coordinated the total process, during 1980s right from materials and parts purchase planning towards distribution. Initially, the term, ERP used first time by Garner Group during early 1990s and later have included automated parts and multiple applications related to the business. The major consideration and interest in this project is the B2C e-Commerce, since it is concerned majorly with the uninterrupted access provision to the products and services of the organization to the consumers, limiting or removing the boundaries geographically. It can be achieved traditionally, by developing an online virtual shop. The architecture of the e-commerce is built with various components, such as product catalogues, shopping carts, payment mechanisms and order forms and coordination and relationships among these components (Eurostat, 2013). The primary and major advantage of the systems of the e-commerce is that small businesses is that the total set up cost for virtual business online stands low, when compared to the set up required for traditional premises for physical business, which involve various costs incurred, such as operational costs, wages daily and rent, etc. The behaviour of the consumer can be well driven by an effective website design and tend them towards buying the products. It needs certain e-commerce marketing strategies to be followed. Having exploring all the above evolution of the e-commerce application, which is considered and perceived to be positive behaviour of the consumer, there can be many strategies applied for influencing the behaviour of the consumer. The website design needs internet marketing strategy that helps in direct contact in between the business house and consumer that also allows the companies to sell their products through advertising in a much better and easier ways. It is important to conduct B2C campaigns to implement and deploy the tactics and strategies, such as offering coupons, discounts, limited time deals, offering vouchers to mobilize the markets targeted, towards buying the products both online and offline (Millward, 2016). Issue 2 How to design, measure and test efficiency of e-commerce website The e-commerce website has to be designed with various components and dimensions followed, by keeping various aspects of the website into consideration (Burgess, et al., 2009). The newly hanging trend in the domain of e-commerce has been associated with utilization of the software to improve communication, internet related technology, collaboration, information sharing and web functionality and it is defined commonly as Web 2.0. The purpose and primary objective of the Web 2.0 is proliferation of interactivity and connectivity of the web-delivered content, which enable the users to not only obtain the information from the data owned by the website over the internet, but also gain a good control over this data and adding the value to the application of the e-commerce, as the consumer keeps using it. The major and key applications and services of Web 2.0 are as the following . Podcast These are audio recordings that are usually stand in MP3 format for various lectures, talks and interviews and they can be played over the computer or any kind of MP3 devices. Blog It is also called as a web-long and this webpage consists of user views, opniions, links and information briefly and these posts are chronologically arranged within a format of menu-driven. Wiki Wiki is a single or set of web pages that can be accessible by anyone with access privileges and can be edited easily. One best example of wiki is , Wikipedia, which is a free encyclopedia on the internet. Multimedia Sharing These services facilitate the user to store and share the multimedia content, like photos, video, podcasts, etc. RSS RSS is considered as a huge family for formats that help to find out various updates to the RSS-enabeld websites content, podcasts or blogs, without need to open and visit the site. Information can be collected from the website, within a feed and piped to the consumer through a process called as syndication. Social Networking Various professional social networking sites, such as myspace.com, facebook. com, etc. facilitate the people to meet, find the likeminded people and allow to share the content. The design of the website has to consider these components and platforms to widen the access by the customers and widen visibility over the internet, for the targeted company (OBrien Marakas, 2011). An important factor that can be critical in the design of the web application is the requirement analysis done along with the abstraction, after removing the details that are unnecessary. It is important as it would be cost effective by decreasing the efforts of error correction at later stages. Moreover, it would be easier to perform error correction at the design stage, rather than after implementation stage or during maintenance stage. Formal specifications give precise, unambiguous and correct understanding of the requirements of the users. Requirements of website design for e-commerce There are certain requirements that have to be addressed and met during the design of the website so that the best e-commerce functionalities can be delivered. Some of these requirements are as the following (Burgess et al., 2009). Scalability Though the initial website design is to serve and offer the services to a small number of consumers, it must be upgradable to a huge number of consumers at the later stages and should be able to process much increased number of transactions. Extensibility The system should be enabled to increase the present total number of services, without disturbing or disrupting any of the rest of offered services. Security The database has to be maintained very securely, so that any unauthorized access can be prevented and any kind of disruption and threat to the services and data should be very well prevented. Robustness The e-commerce system has to be enabled to handle and operate many kinds of data that would be needed for proper functioning of the system. Flexibility The new e-commerce system has to be enabled to adapt to the requirements that are ever changing and dynamic in nature, in the dynamic environment. Integrity of information The data among the database to be well integrated for various purposes, such as preserving the data from unintentional attacks, such as malicious malware, virus, etc. and integrity also helps in minimizing the redundancy of the data. Traceability The e-commerce system has to be enabled to be able to provide the details of order history, where, what, when the transactions have taken place, upon requests. Issue 3 Web analytics influence over the e-commerce website design Web analytics consider the success and failure of the e-commerce. The internet and the e-commerce have completely changed the way the businesses digitally operated. E-commerce especially creates new relationships and transform the existing relationships of the business. web applications and web analytics provide the business solutions towards improvement of the products and services quality, increase the service delivery speed and reduce the cost incurred for the business operations. There are many ventures that have failed in the web application development, because these systems are dynamic and very complex and the requirements of users are continuously hanging. Communication between developer and end user is inefficient and it stands as a contributing factor to the failure of the website design. It enable the e-commerce website design and accomplish the web application development successfully, the architecture of the website has to be visually modelled. These visual models help grasping and changing the requirements of the users and communicating effectively to the team of development (Laudon Traver, 2014). Web analytics give a good analysis of various advantages and disadvantage of the e-commerce that help the design of the e-commerce website, by taking them into consideration. Advantages There are enormous benefits of the e-commerce applications and these benefits drive many businesses to enter the digital world on the internet virtual platform. In terms of consumer, this virtual cyberspace becomes a potential environment, where near perfect competition of the companies exist and in which various products can be compared, in terms of price and features, all just in seconds. Many e-commerce websites, such as comparethemarket.com and dealtime.com allow the consumers to find the best deal online for them, all for free of charge. The products and services can be delivered at the door steps, within short period of time and such services can be boon for the elderly or disabled. There are various e-commerce models exist and employed in the metaphor of real world shopping to shop with shopping trolley and easily checkout very easily, and can be operated easily by a day to day internet user. Cyberspace has no limit to the specific geographical location and it helps winning worldwide audience through progressive value creation. The primary reason for proliferation and growth of the e-commerce globally is its ability to create and promote the value for an organization, implementing the e-commerce solutions, for their consumers, suppliers and partners. Here, value creation is perceived as expected or potential and actual results both monetary and non-monetary of e-commerce business model utilization. The monetary results from this creation of value include enhancement of the revenue, through growth of the sales and differentiation of price and reduction in the cost, related to the products sold, saved operating costs, after the implementation and result of the system and asset intensity reduction (Laudon et al., 2014). The first aspect of value creation is the revenue enhancement. It is perceived that the e-commerce creates and develops new channel online to sell the products and services of the company, along with the channels that traditionally exist. This newly added sales volume generated through this new channel, would also facilitate the sales of the products through the channels that exist. For instance, a business that has a physical presence of its office can start acting as processing centers for the orders generated online, and it can be seen in contrast to the opposed to develop a new expense of separate warehouse to deal with these orders. The increase in the revenue can also be associated with the quick and adaptable adjustment of the prices that depend on various segments of the customers. For example, retained customers pay more than new customers pay or the prices of the products that expire very soon can be reduced, preventing the final alternative of the disposing of such products. E-Commerce applications have become a significant source of reduction in cost, which has become the next aspect of value creation. E-commerce enable the opportunities for reduction of the asset intensity, which indicates reduction in the capital costs, by faster disposition through sales, of any old or unnecessary equipment and also obsolete or excess inventory and also by using the existing space by reducing the clutters of inventory. Disadvantages Not all the products can be represented well in cyberspace effectively, like CDs, books, software, etc. It is because the products, like cloths, appliances, audio, video equipment cannot give a clear picture of how they look and how they operate, as they cannot experiment, before buying online. So, the design of the website of the e-commerce application has to be very effective to overcome these issues. Another important disadvantage is the legislation dilemma. E-business is different from the traditional business, as they are well separated by the electronic transactions. Who has jurisdiction, when an electronic transaction takes place? Who own and win authority to apply the existing laws over these electronic transactions. Security of E-Commerce System The web analytics obtained day to day indicate and emphasize the importance and impact of the security of the e-commerce system, in order to perform safer transactions and preserve the credentials of the company and users, without any third party intervention (Benjamin et al., 2006). Risk Analysis Web design aspects have to consider the risk analysis seriously, as the e-commerce system, which is an electronic system should be automated in a secured environment. The security of the e-commerce is more exacting, because of the necessity to safer processes executed both internally and externally. The infrastructure needed to protect the company and the respective credentials of the respective stakeholders becomes crucial, especially, when businesses get realized with great or ful potential of internet. The website design and development aspects needed to consider in this security concern are varied, but must ensure to cover, what the components are more critical and more vulnerable, which information needs to be confidential and has ot be well protected, how to ensrue the confidentiality, what kind of system of authentication has to be assigned and developed, which system of intrusion detection should be enabled with installation, who should be accoutabel and responsible for insta llation and configuration of the infrastructure of the critical e-business, what kind of plans are needed to developed to ensure that they are in place to ensure minimum service disruption or continuity, etc. The anonymous nature of the cyberspace, raises the concerns of security, trust and privacy in the e-commerce applications and the web design aspects have to counter-act against each of these concerns, boldly. The solutions proposed must consider the following attacks to the system of e-commerce (Gilber Alorie, 2004). Background attacks The background of websites of the e-shop can be changed by the hacker. SQL Injection It is subset of unauthorized or unverified vulnerability input entered by the user and the application that runs the code of SQL could be convinced to get the access to the data that is confidential. Vulnerabilities of Admin Control Panel If the control panel fo the merchant is weak, it can be controlled by the usual behaviour of elevate the privileges of the hacker. Price Manipulation It may be occurred, when the hacker is intended to change the price of the product. Vulnerability of Weak Login Forms Either of the two login pages, one for the merchant and one for the customer can be accessed if there is any weak login combination is compromised. Buffer Overflow It is an anomalous condition, in which data is attempted to store beyond the fixed-length buffer boundaries. Denial of Service Attack A hacker can connect to a public serer, through free and unlimited accoutns of dial-up originating from any country and disrupt the performance intensive pages to strain the web server and disrupt its regular and normal services to be provided for the end users. Vulnerability of Data Leakage A malicious hacker can iterate the database query that can be visible, as part of the URL, especially for the websites that are database-driven. Cross-site Scripting It occurs, when the malicious scripts are introduced to a dynamic form, allowing capturing information during private sessions. Spam Harvesting and Relaying The email addressed from the contact forms can be modified for the purpose of anonymous mail or relay spam or even to bomb mailboxes. Eventually, the design and development aspects of the e-commerce website should start practicing, the following for secured transactions. Regular data back up Protection with antivirus and anti-spyware User training Use of encryption The lessons learned from the above review of the huge reports available online and offline, are the following. E-Commerce applications are potentially beneficial to both the company and consumer. Design aspects can influence the buying behaviour of the consumers to a great extent. It is important to consider huge factors, both internal and external during the website design, so that further issues can be minimized. A detailed analysis of opportunities and threats, has to be conducted before the website design. Literature Review Conclusion The three research questions are addressed with relative aspects during the literature review. The consumer behaviour is explored by understanding thee evolution of the e-commerce, driven by the consumer behaviour. The ways of designing and its influencing factors are explored. Finally, the web analytics are discussed to consider before, commencing the process of website design for e-commerce application. Methology The thesis needs a research methodology for gathering the requirements for the proposed study. A suitable research methodology has to be chosen and implemented to perform system analysis, by employing the system analysis method, towards complete understanding of existing system, which is considered to be the basis for analysis for the study over the website design aspects for the e-commerce applications. This section discusses the research methods followed for the study of the system. The three basic research paradigms are interpretivism, positivism and critical science. The research is basically done in two methods, called qualitative research and quantitative research (Denzin Lincoln, 2014). Qualitative Research The objective of the qualitative research is to explore the behaviour, thought processes, attitudes and experiences, from the focus groups, by conducting the interviews. As the quality is the key point here, it attempts to obtain the opinion of the focus groups, in-depth, fewer participants are considered for this research and lasts longer. There are many methodologies that exist under the umbrella of this qualitative research. Qualitative research is one kind of scientific research that investigates to, Seek and obtain answers to the pre-defined questions Using the procedures that are predefined, systematically to answer the posed questions Collecting the evidences Producing findings, which are new and not determined before Producing findings, which are applicable, beyond the study boundaries In addition to the above characteristics, qualitative research also seeks to understand the research problem or analysis from the local population perspective. The qualitative research is more effective to obtain the information that is specific to the cultural aspects, opinions, values, social contexts, behaviour of particular targeted population. Data can be collected from the participants of the focus groups in many ways. Interactive interviewing, where the participants are asked to describe their phenomenon and experience, verbally Observations, where descriptive observation is attempted to observe the behaviour of both verbal and non-verbal Written descriptions, where the participants are asked to write and describe their experience of phenomenon The data is collected is analysed and it becomes a guide to conclude with the decisions . Quantitative Research Qualitative research is conducted by conducting questionnaires and surveys. These methods can be conducted through email, posts, online, over the telephone, or simply by pen down (Denzin Lincoln, 2014). Survey questions are usually considered carefully, to provide meaningful data from the results obtained. Quantitative research has the aim to classify the features and count the features and then statistical models can be obtained during an attempt of description and observation. Here, the focus is objective and the researcher has a clear idea of what he or she will be obtaining, from the results. This research is preferred to be conducted at later phases of the analysis research projects. This involves consideration and design of all aspects before the collection of the data. The research obtains the numerical data that is collected through various research tools, like equipment and questionnaires. This numerical data is collected in the form of statistics and numbers. Finally, the qualitative research method achieves the objective by seeking precise measurement and target concepts analysis, such as the results of questionnaires, surveys, etc. It is more effective as it can help to test hypotheses, however, there is a danger and possibility of missing the contextual detail. Researchers , in this method, remains isolated objectively from the subject matter. Chosen Methodology The research conducted for the study and analysis and design of e-commerce website, is conducted by combining both the methods, qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research is conducted by studying various case studies, which help to learn the direct opinions and experiences of the management of the e-commerce companies that have evolved and stabilised over a period of time, by now. This research is conducted by considering the two case studies for e-commerce applications, ASDA, a part of Wal-Mart and Tesco, which is a major online retailer in the UK. These studies have revealed how the initial design aspects were taken into consideration and how these design aspects have been transitioned towards the objective of increasing online sales, through e-commerce applications. Quantitative research method is developed and followed, by exploring and studying the online resources, specifically, the peer reviews, about the design aspects to be considered for the e-commerce websites, based on their analyses of the existing e-commerce websites and applications. These analyses are analysed through quantitative research method and the overall analysis is made and presented in this research project. References Abdou, Hussein, English, John Adewunmi, Paul(2014). An investigation of risk management practices in electronic banking: the case of the UK bankshud.ac.uk, University of Huddersfield Adams, Barry (2012).Geotargeting Based on IP Address is Broken Ahmed, Iqbal, S. (2009).GSI Commerce to buy Retail Convergence for $180 mln. Reuters. 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The Cause of Poverty in Southeastern Ohio of the Appalachian Region and the Solution Essay Sample free essay sample

Introduction In malice of being on top of the universe. America is fighting to extinguish poorness in some parts of its counties. The Appalachian part has long been a challenge to the authorities for coevalss. Possibly. President Johson’s declaration of â€Å"War on Poverty† in 1964 proved to be unsuccessful after all. or is it over already? Discussion The world. â€Å"In 1990. for individuals 25 old ages and older. the area’s high school graduation rate was 69. 2 % ; for the province. it was 75. 7 % . The per capita income in Ohio’s Appalachian part was $ 15. 145 in 1993 ; 77 % of the statewide per capita income of $ 19. 696. The unemployment rate in Ohio’s Appalachian part was 6. 6 % in 1995. compared to a 4. 8 % unemployment rate in the full state† ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. good-works. net/stats. htm ) . These figures may look to be really manageable. However. despite the promotion of engineering and research. America has non posed a sustainable solution to cover the insufficiencies and jobs in these parts. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cause of Poverty in Southeastern Ohio of the Appalachian Region and the Solution Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The inquiry. so is. â€Å"What is the ultimate cause of the poorness in Southeastern Ohio? † Solution In an on-line article several spreads including income. occupation. health care among others were mentioned. All these are results of the biggest spread there is. instruction. The per centum of grownups non completing the 9th class is 12 % in the Appalachian part of Ohio. about three times the national average† ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. good-works. net/stats. htm ) . â€Å"A huge organic structure of economic research demonstrates the positive nexus between educational attainment and the economic position of persons every bit good as parts and states. and that this nexus is causal† ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. clevelandfed. org/Research/Commentary/2007/020107. cfm ) . If the people in the part would put on their instruction and development to make full in the spreads. the part may so be sustainable and the economic job may be for good set aside. Execution For the clip being. stricter Torahs must be made as a policy for every individual in the province to be educated and to go on their instruction. This should be made compulsory. â€Å"Southeastern Ohio is a feasible location for hi-tech industry due to the location of eight higher instruction establishments throughout the part including Marietta College and Athens’ chief Ohio University campus. Portsmouth’s Shawnee State University offers one of the nation’s few four-year plans in computing machine gambling programming through its Fine. Digital and Performing Arts program† ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ohiomeansbusiness. com/regions/southeast. php ) . Benefits These establishments are available for their development and should be maximized to profit the people and the province for long term. Education should make full in the spreads that are mentioned and would set the people at par to how serious their state of affairs is and have been to the political and economic civilization of the state. Decision A batch of similar surveies have been made by research workers. every bit good as political and economic scientists on the cause of the poorness of the Appalachian part and until now there has non been a solution that has provided the province a lasting solution. Possibly. it is clip for the solution to be legislated so that the people will take the affair earnestly. Mention Appalachian Regional Commission ( 2007 ) .Appalachian Region Economic Review. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. discharge. gov/index. make? nodeId=26 Flowers. Gary ( 2006 ) .Merely The Facts.hypertext transfer protocol: //www. good-works. net/stats. htm Ohio Means Business ( 2007 )Ohio. Construct Your Business. Love Your Life. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ohiomeansbusiness. com/regions/southeast. php Ziliak. James P. ( 2007 ) Economic Commentary.Human Capital and the Challenge of Persistent Poverty in Appalachia. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. clevelandfed. org/Research/Commentary/2007/020107. cfm