Health reform (research paper) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Health reform (research paper) - Essay Example to ensure customer satisfaction and preferences, to focus on value between providers and insurers, and to minimize the burden on tax payers (Haislmaier 2006). The major aspect of the Massachusetts legislation is the conception of the Connector – a statewide health insurance. Connector will act as a â€Å"private sate-government chartered (Haislmaier 2006)† one-stop shop ort office where individuals and business employers who have employees numbering from fifty (50) and below will be capable to pay for personal and transferable health insurance coverage (Haislmaier 2006). Underinsurance is a major concern for Massachusetts residences since some individuals will prefers to purchase health plans that entails high cost of sharing to be able to bring lower premiums monthly; and restricted benefits (Long 2008). These factors causes higher health care costs per person and can be the reason why most will choose to go without some benefits of a health care plan just to avoid excess health care expenses (Long 2008). Hence when this happens, workers who earn high salaries are covered for any serious injury or illness; while moderate and low income earners will encounter difficulties if the fee for the care which they will need will exceed the coverage of their chosen health insurance plan (Long 2008). The health reform in Massachusetts paved way to having a low rate of universal individuals during its first year of execution. This likewise involved reduction of financial expenses in acquiring health care and enhancement of access to it (Long 2008). Issues surrounding the provisions of the health reform in Massachusetts are concentrated on two aspects which are: that Massachusetts residents must buy a health insurance, and business that have more than ten (10) employees or personnel which do not provide their workers any health insurance should make payments to the state’s compensated care pool for a per worker contribution scale (Haislmaier, 2006). To straighten

Best Dining Experience Essay Example for Free

Best Dining Experience Essay My favorite food is Mexican. Being from Arizona, Mexican restaurants are not as good here in Iowa. Although my favorite Mexican food to eat here is from my grandmother’s kitchen; there are a few restaurants my friends and I enjoy eating at. A few of my girlfriends and I have made Margarita Wednesdays a tradition in the summer time at La Casa. My brother, sister and I go to Los Cabos at least once a month in West Des Moines, which is an amazing delicious Mexican restaurant. I also like Monterrey in Altoona because it’s so close to my house, but no restaurant can compare to Tiki Tok in Mexico. My best friend and I were feeling spontaneous so we took a week off work and went on a cruise. We both found it difficult to eat on the ship because we were continually getting sea sick. I’ll never forget the fishy, chewy, and crunchy taste of the little shrimp and cocktail sauce going down my throat, or the unpleasant feeling I had when it was coming up. The only bad memory of my trip was praying that my legs would stop shaking and that my journey would hopefully reach an end so I could stand on solid ground. Other than being sea sick for the first day; I had a blast on the cruise! I got the opportunity to see many things and visit quite a few places. One of the ports of call was Cozumel, Mexico, and my friend Alexandra and I decided we wanted to try some real Mexican food. Of course, we were a little concerned about getting sick, but Im glad to say that didnt happen. We asked on the ship where the best place for Mexican food was, but they said that anywhere along the main shopping strip would be good. We then found a place called the Tiki Tok. The place was on the second level of a building. We sat out on the little balcony that they had. They had covered it with sand. The view from the restaurant was amazing. I was hypnotized by the vibrant colors and the employees’ of the restaurants equally vibrant lifestyles. I remember feeling jealous of the workers because they would get to go back to Tiki Tok tomorrow and the day after that, but I wouldn’t. The walls were an explosion of colorful textiles and every color of paint one could think of that was as bold as can be. Vases were on every table with burnt orange and deep yellow dried peppers inside. The chairs at the dining tables were made of a Mexican Serape material. The colors, the fringe, and the feel of it gave the restaurant even a stronger Mexican energy. My favorite part of the restaurants decor was the little cactus lights that strung amongst all the walls connecting each bulb to the wrought iron chandelier in the middle of the room. When one first enters the restaurant the Mariachi band is one of the most noticeable features. Three men were dressed in black with button up shirts and decorative sombreros all standing in the corner of the room. Two men had violins and the third was handling a guitar. As we took our seats the band started playing lively music and a few older couples got up and danced fearlessly. Everything in the restaurant was bold excluding my bashful personality; otherwise I would have danced too. I was in a trance watching the people dance with one another until the Mariachi band shouted in sync, â€Å"AY! † causing me to be brought back to the present. It was then that I had realized how hungry I was. The menu prices were in pesos, so it looked like everything was really expensive, but it wasnt. We ordered the hot and spicy red enchiladas which were about 60 pesos, and they also brought us chips and salsa. The chips were a little bit thicker than you would get here in the US, and there were three different types of salsas. There was a regular pico de gallo, then there was one made with tomatillos, and the last was a pineapple cilantro salsa that was actually really tasteful. Lexi and I have never had pineapple cilantro salsa before, so we weren’t sure whether it was going to be appetizing or not. After stuffing myself with chips our food finally arrived. It was just about the yummiest thing Ive ever had. The red sauce for the enchiladas was a little bit different than what Ive had here, but I cant tell you how. It was more delicious over there though. There was chicken inside the enchiladas and a touch of sour cream on top. We took the extra salsa we hadn’t demolished with the chips and smothered our enchiladas with it. I ate every last bite of it and was so full afterwards! The amazing food I had in Mexico was the best Mexican food I have ever had. I remember the smell of the ocean and sweet salsa at the same time. The bright colored sombreros and the ocean front view was an amazing sight to see while enjoying the food as well. Anytime I think about Mexico I think about the short beach chairs, sand between my toes, all the smells of the restaurant, laughing with my best friend and delicious enchiladas. This will be a memory that would be difficult to forget because we took so many pictures of the restaurant and it was the best eating experience I’ve had yet. Im really glad that my friend and I were able to have this dining experience together. Alexandra and I enjoyed it very much!

Structure And Applications Of Tesla Coil Engineering Essay

Structure And Applications Of Tesla Coil Engineering Essay A Tesla coil is a type of resonant transformer circuit invented by Nikola Tesla around 1891. It is used to produce high voltage, relatively high current, high frequency alternating current electricity. Tesla used the coils to conduct innovative experiments in electrical lighting, phosphorescence, x-ray generation, high frequency alternating current phenomena Tesla coil circuits were used commercially in sparkHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparkgap_transmitter gap radio transmitters for wireless telegraphy until the 1920, and in electrotherapy and medical devices such as violet ray. Today their main use is entertainment and educational displays. Tesla coils are built by many high-voltage enthusiasts, research institutions, science museums and independent experimenters. Modified Tesla coils are widely used as igniters for high power gas discharge lamps, common examples being the mercury vapor and sodium types used for street lighting. Tesla Coil principle A Tesla coil transformer operates in a different manner than a conventional (i.e., iron core) transformer. In a conventional transformer, the windings are very tightly coupled, and voltage gain is limited to the ratio of the numbers of turns in the windings. However, unlike a conventional transformer, which may couple 97%+ of the magnetic fields between windings, a Tesla coils windings are loosely coupled, with the primary and secondary typically sharing only 10-20% of their respective magnetic fields and instead the coil transfers energy (via loose coupling) from one oscillating resonant circuit (the primary) to the other (the secondary) over a number of RF cycles. As the primary energy transfers to the secondary, the secondarys output voltage increases until all of the available primary energy has been transferred to the secondary (less losses). Even with significant spark gap losses, a well designed Tesla coil can transfer over 85% of the energy initially stored in the primary capacitor to the secondary circuit. Thus the voltage gain of a disruptive Tesla coil can be significantly greater than a conventional transformer, since it is instead proportional to the square root of the ratio of secondary and primary inductances. In addition, because of the large gap between the primary and secondary that loose coupling makes possible, the insulation between the two is far less likely to break down, and this permits coils to run extremely high voltages without damage. Alternate Tesla Coil Configuration This circuit also driven by alternating currents. However, here the AC supply transformer must be capable of withstanding high voltages at high frequencies. Electrical transmission A large Tesla coil of more modern design often operates at very high peak power levels, up to many megawatts (millions of watts). It should therefore be adjusted and operated carefully, not only for efficiency and economy, but also for safety. If, due to improper tuning, the maximum voltage point occurs below the terminal, along the secondary coil, a discharge (spark) may break out and damage or destroy the coil wire, supports, or nearby objects. Tesla experimented with these, and many others, circuit configurations. The Tesla coil primary winding, spark gap and tank capacitor are connected in series. In each circuit, the AC supply transformer charges the tank capacitor until its voltage is sufficient to break down the spark gap. The gap suddenly fires, allowing the charged tank capacitor to discharge into the primary winding. Once the gap fires, the electrical behavior of either circuit is identical Tuning precautions The primary coils resonant frequency should be tuned to that of the secondary, using low-power oscillations, then increasing the power until the apparatus has been brought under control. While tuning, a small projection (called a breakout bump) is often added to the top terminal in order to stimulate corona and spark discharges (sometimes called streamers) into the surrounding air. Tuning can then be adjusted so as to achieve the longest streamers at a given power level, corresponding to a frequency match between the primary and secondary coil. Capacitive loading by the streamers tends to lower the resonant frequency of a Tesla coil operating under full power. For a variety of technical reasons, toroids provide one of the most effective shapes for the top terminals of Tesla coils. Air discharges A small, later-type Tesla coil in operation. The output is giving 17-inch sparks. The diameter of the secondary is three inches. The power source is a 10000 V, 60 Hz current limited supply. While generating discharges, electrical energy from the secondary and toroid is transferred to the surrounding air as electrical charge, heat, light, and sound. The electric currents that flow through these discharges are actually due to the rapid shifting of quantities of charge from one place (the top terminal) to other places (nearby regions of air). The process is similar to charging or discharging a capacitor. The current that arises from shifting charges within a capacitor is called a displacement current. Tesla coil discharges are formed as a result of displacement currents as pulses of electrical charge are rapidly transferred between the high voltage toroid and nearby regions within the air (called space charge regions). Although the space charge regions around the toroid are invisible, they play a profound role in the appearance and location of Tesla coil discharges. When the spark gap fires, the charged capacitor discharges into the primary winding, causing the primary circuit to oscillate. The oscillating primary current creates a magnetic field that couples to the secondary winding, transferring energy into the secondary side of the transformer and causing it to oscillate with the toroid capacitance. The energy transfer occurs over a number of cycles, and most of the energy that was originally in the primary side is transferred into the secondary side. The greater the magnetic coupling between windings, the shorter the time required to complete the energy transfer. As energy builds within the oscillating secondary circuit, the amplitude of the toroids RF voltage rapidly increases, and the air surrounding the toroid begins to undergo dielectric breakdown, forming a corona discharge. As the secondary coils energy (and output voltage) continues to increase, larger pulses of displacement current further ionize and heat the air at the point of initial breakdown. This forms a very conductive root of hotter plasma, called a leader that projects outward from the toroid. The plasma within the leader is considerably hotter than a corona discharge, and is considerably more conductive. In fact, it has properties that are similar to an electric arc. The leader tapers and branches into thousands of thinner, cooler, hair like discharges (called streamers). The streamers look like a bluish haze at the ends of the more luminous leaders, and it is the streamers that actually transfer charge between the leaders and toroid to nearby space charge regions. The displacement currents from countless streamers all feed into the leader, helping to keep it hot and electrically conductive. In a spark gap Tesla coil the primary-to-secondary energy transfer process happens repetitively at typical pulsing rates of 50-500 times per second, and previously formed leader channels dont get a chance to fully cool down between pulses. So, on successive pulses, newer discharges can build upon the hot pathways left by their predecessors. This causes incremental growth of the leader from one pulse to the next, lengthening the entire discharge on each successive pulse. Repetitive pulsing causes the discharges to grow until the average energy thats available from the Tesla coil during each pulse balances the average energy being lost in the discharges (mostly as heat). At this point, dynamic equilibrium is reached, and the discharges have reached their maximum length for the Tesla coils output power level. The unique combination of a rising high voltage Radio Frequency envelope and repetitive pulsing seem to be ideally suited to creating long, branching discharges that are considerab ly longer than would be otherwise expected by output voltage considerations alone. High voltage discharges create filamentary multi-branched discharges which are purplish blue in color. High energy discharges create thicker discharges with fewer branches, are pale and luminous, almost white, and are much longer than low energy discharges, because of increased ionization. There will be a strong smell of ozone and nitrogen oxides in the area. The important factors for maximum discharge length appear to be voltage, energy, and still air of low to moderate humidity. Tesla Coil components The simplest Tesla Coil consists of only 6 basic parts shown in the photograph on the left:- The Neon Sign Transformers (shown bottom left) provide the high voltage supply which is required to operate the spark gap. Power from the transformers charges the bank of high voltage capacitors (shown bottom right.) Energy from the capacitors is transferred into the primary winding when the spark gap fires. The spark gap (shown bottom centre) is an RQ style static gap with forced air cooling. Energy in the primary coil is transferred into the secondary coil by magnetic coupling between the two coils. When the energy is transferred to the secondary coil it results in an extremely high voltage at the top of the secondary. The toroid is the last stopping place for the electricity before it jumps into the air. Spark Gap The spark gap is basically a high power switch. It is the spark gap which is responsible for initiating the discharge of the tank capacitor into the primary winding of the Tesla Coil. It turns-on when sufficient voltage exists across the spark gap. The air in the gap ionizes and begins to conduct electricity like a closed switch. The spark gap turns-off when the current flowing through it drops to a low level, and the air gap regains its insulating properties. When used in this way as a switch, the spark gap has the following properties:- High voltage hold-off capability in the off-state, High current carrying capability in the on-state, Extremely fast turn-on time, Physically scalable to almost any power rating, Good overload margin, (robust) A typical Tesla Coil circuit diagram How Tesla Coils Work A classic Tesla coil consists of two inductive-capacitive (LC) oscillators, loosely coupled to one another. An LC oscillator has two main components, an inductor and a capacitor. An inductor converts an electrical current into a magnetic field or a magnetic field into a current. Inductors are formed from electrical conductors wound into coils. Capacitors consist of two or more conductors separated by an insulator. A capacitor converts current into an electric field or an electric field into current. Both magnetic fields and electric fields are forms of stored energy. When a charged capacitor (U=CV2/2) is connected to an inductor an electric current will flow from the capacitor through the inductor creating a magnetic field (U=LI2/2). When the electric field in the capacitor is exhausted the current stops and the magnetic field collapses. As the magnetic field collapses, it induces a current to flow in the inductor in the opposite direction to the original current. This new current ch arges the capacitor, creating a new electric field, equal but opposite to the original field. As long as the inductor and capacitor are connected the energy in the system will oscillate between the magnetic field and the electric field as the current constantly reverses. The rate at which the system oscillates is given by (the square root of 1/LC)/2pi. One full cycle of oscillation is shown in the drawing below. In the real world the oscillation will eventually damp out due to resistive losses in the conductors (the energy will be dissipated as heat). In a Tesla coil, the two inductors share the same axis and are located close to one another. In this manner the magnetic field produced by one inductor can generate a current in the other.. The primary oscillator consists of a flat spiral inductor with only a few turns, a capacitor, a voltage source to charge the capacitor and a switch to connect the capacitor to the inductor. The secondary oscillator contains a large, tightly wound inductor with many turns and a capacitor formed by the earth on one end (the base) and an output terminal (usually a sphere or toroid) on the other. While the switch is open, a low current flows through the primary inductor, charging the capacitor. When the switch is closed a much higher current flows from the capacitor through the primary inductor, The resulting magnetic field induces a corresponding current in the secondary. Because the secondary contains many more turns than the primary a very high electric field is established in the secondary capacitor. The output of a Tesla coil is maximized when two conditions are met. First, both the primary and secondary must oscillate at the same frequency. And secondly, the total length of conductor in the secondary must be equal to one quarter of the oscillators wave length. Wave length is equal to the speed of light divided by the frequency of the oscillator. Uses of Tesla coil Two variations of the Tesla coil are found in everyday devices, the CRT display and the internal combustion engine. Every CRT type display (televisions, computer monitors, etc.) uses a small Tesla coil, usually referred to as a fly back transformer in this application, to provide the high voltage necessary to accelerate electrons from the electron gun in the narrow end of the picture tube to the phosphors coating the inside of the screen. An oil filled Tesla coil, known as an ignition coil, is found under the hood of all internal combustion powered automobiles. It provides the high voltage to fire the spark plugs. Tesla coils have also been used to provide special effects for the entertainment industry.

kafka Essay -- essays research papers

Mistreatment from the 1800’s is Still Reflected in Modern Day Society   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The father’s explanations were to some extent the first pleasant news that Gregor got to hear since his imprisonment.† (p. 1654) In the story The Metamorphosis, by Franz Kafka, the character Gregor undergoes a metamorphosis into an insect and experiences what it’s like to feel imprisoned and mistreated within his own home. Throughout the story he continuously is mistreated by his family and sadly still reflects modern day families and society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gregor family consisted of his father, his mother and his sister Grete. Before Gregor had turn into an insect he was the main provider of income and covered all expenditures for his family. Gregor was the only person that worked in his family and was a traveling salesman. Therefore, his parents and sister stayed at home and did nothing while Gregor worked everyday. Kafka describes Gregor’s father as having an â€Å"†¦unsuccessful life† and â€Å"he had grown very fat, becoming rather clumsy.†(p. 1655). His father at one point owned his own business but it had collapsed five years earlier from the day of Gregors transformation. However his father still remained to have a strong sense for business. His mother was lazy and found to be less intelligent then the rest of the family. She also was not working. Kafka states, And perhaps the old mother go to work-she, who suffered from asthma, who found it strenuous just walking through the apartment, and who spent every other day on the sofa grasping for air by the open window? (p.1655). His sister was seventeen, kind to Gregor, beautiful, and musical. She played the violin. Grete soon took over as head of the house hold when Gregor turned into an insect.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With Gregor’s transformation thus brings about the problem of who’s going to now provide for the family. This problem then brings upon mistreatment towards Gregor. Many times throughout the story he is forgotten about, attacked, and made to feel dehumanized and no longer apart of the family. In the beginning of his transformation Grete is the only one who takes care of Gregor. She feeds him twice a day and tries to make sure his food is of his liking. His mother in the beginning seems to still care for him but however, cannot bear to look at him or enter the room. The fat... ...ought about others and truly cared about others happiness. However many times he felts pressured by his family to work and feels that helpless and guilty when he can no longer provide for his family. To me this is way he transforms, because he is so pressured he fears it so much that it’s almost like he willed it to happen. I feel this could have all been avoided. I feel that Gregor should have left his family and started his own life and paid for his own bills. His family did not appreciate him and all that he provided for them so there was no need to put himself under that kind of pressure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I felt The Metamorphosis, by Franz Kafka, proved to be an excellent science fiction writer through the use of details. â€Å"His many legs, wretchedly thin compared to his overall girth, danced helplessly before his eyes† (p. 1641); this is just one of many example that Kafka uses detail to help the reader visualize Gregor as an insect.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Overall this story provides ideas and activities of society during the late 1800’s and modern day life still today. Because of pressure from society and our families we tend to mistreat those around us.

North Korea and South Korea

In North Korea, a dictator rules the county and currently their dictator is Kim Jung l_JNI. Also, North Koreans government is very strict about people from other countries traveling to North Korea. Tourists are only allowed to enter the country if there is a guided tour and independent traveling to North Korea is not allowed. However, South Korea, is a republic with a president. As of now, their president, who is the first female president elected, is park Gun Hey. Their country has elections for a new president every five years.Additionally, anyone and everyone can travel to South Korea whenever they want. Every country or state has different cultures and lifestyles. In North Korea, art is didactic and they create many beautiful artworks. Calligraphy, music, painting and pottery are all various types of art that is produced in North Korea. Their paintings are usually drawings of events that have happened in the past or drawings of nature such as flowers. North Koreans play many game s, especially races and they like to participate in a lot of active activities. In addition, their diet does not contain spicy foods such as chime.In South Korea, art and music is very well known. Buddhism was a great inspiration towards South Korean art and outstanding architecture and artworks are found in Buddhist temples and paintings. Music is very popular in South Korea and one type of genre is Kop. Kop is short for Korean pop and is known all over the world. Just like North Korea, South Korea loves to play games and their traditional board game is bad. Also, South Koreans diet is the total opposite of North Koreans diet. In South Korea, spicy foods are very common and the national dish is chime.Lastly, both North and South Korea have a traditional dress called handbook that is mainly worn on New Years. Education is an essential need in everyone's lives. In North Korea, people are mainly interested in the subjects technology and science. Also, in the early 1 sys the education system was divided into one year Of kindergarten, four years of primary school for ages six to nine, and six years of senior middle school for ages ten to fifteen. The most important institution is Kim – sung University. South Koreans academic environment is very competitive.Nearly all the nation's top schools are located in Seoul, South Korea. Primary schools consists of grades one to six and secondary schools consists of seventh to twelfth. The most popular university in South Korea is Seoul National University. The two countries that were known as one are now split into two and has tons of differences and similarities. They compare and contrast in government, culture, and education. Imagining what life would have been like back if North and South Korea were one is difficult due to the disparity in the people's lives and in the country.

Campus life Essay

Why do you want to transfer to Carolina, and what do you believe you will contribute to campus life and what can I contribute for campus life? I want to transfer to the University of North Carolina because I believe it is one of the most prestigious universities in the United States. Basically, I believe that the school’s excellent academic programs and comfortable environment would greatly help me in developing my career. Moreover, I believe that I would be receiving high-quality education as the school has highly-competent instructors and professors. In other words, I would be learning from the best, and in effect, I could potentially excel in my chosen career. Furthermore, since the university is located in an area rich in culture, political history, and working opportunities, I believe that I can broaden my perspective regarding various aspects of the country while earning enough to live a decent life. In other words, I believe that I will have a bright future in the university as it will provide me with not only the best education, but also an environment that is easy to adapt to. If I am blessed and fortunate enough to be admitted to the University of North Carolina, I believe that I would be able add more to its success with my various skills. Being an international student, I believe I can contribute to its cultural diversity as my peers would be able to learn more from my culture and I, in turn, would be able to learn from them. In addition, I believe that my passion and my skills in playing the saxophone would also allow me to actively participate in musical activities. In short, I believe that the UNC would not only help in my personal growth, but also allow me to become a well-rounded and highly competent professional in my chosen career after I graduate.

Landscape Architecture †Utilizing Space

Landscape Architecture – Utilizing Space Free Online Research Papers To me, Landscape Architecture is a profession that is able to utilize the outdoor spaces to cope with the needs and desires of people. It is able to make use of unused or wasted spaces, or plan undeveloped spaces to solve problems such as circulation, overpopulation, preservation of nature, and lots of other land use matters. Not only does landscape architecture solve various problems related to land use, the solution also needs to be pleasant in terms of aesthetics to the people as well. The elaboration of landscapes I believe first started out as gardening. People wanted to be able to enjoy the products of plant, such as flowers and fruits, so they start growing plants at locations where it’s easily reachable. Landscape architecture developed along with changes in the society. As people get wealthier, they possess more land, and have unlimited supply of food. Land no longer needs to be used agriculturally, so more and more of it functioned as places for entertainment, and served the purpose of flaunting a person’s wealth and power. Today, landscape architecture has become a very important element in our daily lives as people start to seek for better living environments. We are st arting to pay more attention to our surroundings. To me, landscape architecture is also a way of flaunting culture. The desired landscape designs of people from different cultures vary, since aesthetics in different cultures are different as well. This results in designing landscapes with elements of a certain culture with a modern twist to fit with the values and views of the present, which I consider to be highly artistic. How I see myself in the career of landscape architecture seems somehow unclear. However, I wish that someday I can be self-employed and create my own firm. If I could, I wish I can be designing public spaces that are not too large in scale. The reason for that is I see many small public places around me that are left unused and appear unattractive. There are always small bits and pieces here and there in the public that are just abandoned and unattended which I see as opportunities to make it into an attractive, cozy little spots. Together, these small places adds up to a lot, and by transforming these places around us, I believe that everyone would feel that the environment that we are living in suddenly became a bit more pleasant that before, which I feel is important in promoting the overall quality of the society. Rather than trying to create new places and encourage development, I am more interested in the improving of the existing. I am also very interested in the past traditional gardens, parks, and designs in my own culture. The concepts behind the landscape designing in China such as â€Å"Feng Shui†, and the idea that â€Å"man and nature are one† show through every element in Chinese architectures and gardens. It fascinates me deeply. If possible, I wish I am able to design the traditional gardens and parks as great as the master pieces from the past. However, I feel that these ancient gardens and parks were not taken care of that well. Most of them are left unattended and in ruins, which I feel is a great loss. So I might also consider working in the field of preservation of past gardens and parks in the future as well. Research Papers on Landscape Architecture - Utilizing SpaceOpen Architechture a white paperWhere Wild and West MeetRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andGenetic EngineeringThe Project Managment Office SystemAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeDefinition of Export Quotas19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

Everybody Speaks Hamlet

Everybody Speaks Hamlet Everybody Speaks Hamlet Everybody Speaks Hamlet By Maeve Maddox Someone once said that every generation has its favorite Shakespeare play. Hamlet was a favorite with the Victorians. Macbeth enjoyed a great popularity in the first half of the 20th century; Othello in the second half. It seems to me that King Lear may be the play that will come to be associated with the early 21st century. Whatever the general trend, Hamlet is always near the top of Shakespeare favorites. As a result, quite apart from the famous To be or not to be and What a work is man soliloquies, many of the speeches, lines, and phrases have become embedded in our everyday speech. English speakers who have never read the play or seen it acted are likely to use one or more of the following expressions or some form or another: To thine own self be true Though this be madness, yet there is is method in t. The lady doth protest too much, methinks In my minds eye The plays the thing Frailty, thy name is woman! Neither a borrower nor a lender be to the manner born Alas, poor Yorick! Ay, theres the rub Brevity is the soul of wit Conscience does make cowards of us all Dog will have its day Get thee to a nunnery Hoist with his own petard in my heart of hearts It smells to heaven murder most foul Sweets to the sweet Not a mouse stirring something is rotten in the state of Denmark Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comma After i.e. and e.g.On Behalf Of vs. In Behalf OfThe Difference Between "Shade" and "Shadow"

Analysis of The Merchant of Venice

Antonio invested all his money on merchant ship’s. But, Antonio’s plan failed – the merchant ship’s were wrecked and now he didn’t have the money to re-pay Shylock. When Shylock didn’t receive his money, he and Antonio both agreed that Shylock would receive a pound of flesh from Antonio’s body. The married couple Bassanio and Portia, are friends with Antonio and they realized they had to help him. Portia offered Shylock triple the amount of what the money was really worth. Shylock rejected the offer but Portia had a plan to solve the dilemma – Disguise as a male judge to save her friend and also be more extreme by making Shylock worthless. Analysis. In the movie there are several motives such as good vs. evil, kindness and cruelty, religion dilemmas (Christian vs. Jew), tragedy etc. These opposites are all common with Shakespeare’s writings. Among the main character’s, Antonio is the one who is unselfish because he wants to help his friend, he represents goodness. Shylock isn’t actually the â€Å"evil-one†, he’s more of a vindictive individual because he lives in a society full of anti-Semitism and with a daughter who left him for a Christian man. I think Shylock has full right to receive a pound of flesh from Antonio’s body because both parties signed a contract (they both agreed on this) The movie is also about destiny and power. Whatever happened to the merchant ships is nothing Antonio, or any other human, can do about it. When Antonio borrows money of Shylock, he gives the Jewish businessman all the power. During the final scene when they’re all gathered in court, Shakespeare clearly shows he wants to maintain the Christian morality and make Shylock â€Å"clean† by converting to Christianity. Because Shylock is a Jew, he’s featured as an evil person. From the film’s and Shakespeare’s perspective, there is only one religion that is acceptable. This could be a symbol for the fights between the two religions and the main characters. Revenge is one of the main parts in this movie. Shylock uses his work and abundance to pursue his revenge. If the loan never had occurred Shylock would never had been able to take the evenge to another level. Though Shylock never succeeded his revenge, his main goal was vengeance and never hesitated to stop his work. Tragedy occurs when Shylock looses everything in court and has to beg for mercy. He has to give all his abundance to his daughter, convert to Christianity. He didn’t do anything wrong, lived in a anti-semi tism society. Above all, he had a signed contract of the deal. But, Portia’s rhetorical skills turned the situation around when she argued that no blood, not more than the weight of a pound was allowed when cutting the flesh. This was impossible to accomplish. Analysis of The Merchant of Venice Antonio invested all his money on merchant ship’s. But, Antonio’s plan failed – the merchant ship’s were wrecked and now he didn’t have the money to re-pay Shylock. When Shylock didn’t receive his money, he and Antonio both agreed that Shylock would receive a pound of flesh from Antonio’s body. The married couple Bassanio and Portia, are friends with Antonio and they realized they had to help him. Portia offered Shylock triple the amount of what the money was really worth. Shylock rejected the offer but Portia had a plan to solve the dilemma – Disguise as a male judge to save her friend and also be more extreme by making Shylock worthless. Analysis. In the movie there are several motives such as good vs. evil, kindness and cruelty, religion dilemmas (Christian vs. Jew), tragedy etc. These opposites are all common with Shakespeare’s writings. Among the main character’s, Antonio is the one who is unselfish because he wants to help his friend, he represents goodness. Shylock isn’t actually the â€Å"evil-one†, he’s more of a vindictive individual because he lives in a society full of anti-Semitism and with a daughter who left him for a Christian man. I think Shylock has full right to receive a pound of flesh from Antonio’s body because both parties signed a contract (they both agreed on this) The movie is also about destiny and power. Whatever happened to the merchant ships is nothing Antonio, or any other human, can do about it. When Antonio borrows money of Shylock, he gives the Jewish businessman all the power. During the final scene when they’re all gathered in court, Shakespeare clearly shows he wants to maintain the Christian morality and make Shylock â€Å"clean† by converting to Christianity. Because Shylock is a Jew, he’s featured as an evil person. From the film’s and Shakespeare’s perspective, there is only one religion that is acceptable. This could be a symbol for the fights between the two religions and the main characters. Revenge is one of the main parts in this movie. Shylock uses his work and abundance to pursue his revenge. If the loan never had occurred Shylock would never had been able to take the evenge to another level. Though Shylock never succeeded his revenge, his main goal was vengeance and never hesitated to stop his work. Tragedy occurs when Shylock looses everything in court and has to beg for mercy. He has to give all his abundance to his daughter, convert to Christianity. He didn’t do anything wrong, lived in a anti-semi tism society. Above all, he had a signed contract of the deal. But, Portia’s rhetorical skills turned the situation around when she argued that no blood, not more than the weight of a pound was allowed when cutting the flesh. This was impossible to accomplish.

International competitiveness and competitive advantage Essay

International competitiveness and competitive advantage - Essay Example The current state of the global economy development and evolution along with the increasing tendency of its competitiveness is known to be related, primarily, with increasing of the competitiveness of its businesses, the loss of which in the course of economic reforms proved the most significant shortcomings. The success of the identifying and forming objectives the competitive advantage are called to improve the industrial competitiveness companies. This fact, however, makes them more dependent on the level of development of methodological approaches to the establishment and effective functioning of the competitive advantage in general.In accordance with the world practice, the market relations represent the interconnected solution to these problems. The use of these principles guarantees the increase of the competitiveness of the enterprises. The main areas of competitive advantage of the organization's security are concentration of resources for the company to predict the actions of competitors, holding the initiative in the competition, software resource potential to achieve the goals, development flexible planning firms in the market. The competitive advantage that in specific markets determines various competitors is a significant factor in climate, or the competitive situation on the commodity market. Competitive advantage is defined a set of characteristics, properties of the product or brand that creates for the company definite advantage over its direct competitors.

Implications of Implementing a company-wide business information Essay

Implications of Implementing a company-wide business information system (ERP) in Tesco - Essay Example This provides a platform for companies to manage their information and business data so that they can carry out their daily operations in the most effective way possible. Enterprise Resource Planning is a form of business information system which companies can make use of when they want to effectively manage all their operations (Abramowicz and Zurada, 2001). Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) refers to the incorporation of modern technology in business management systems (Adam and Sammon, 2004). In this day and age, information technology plays a major role in how business processes are carried out and this has a direct impact on the ultimate performance of a company. In this respect, ERP is a combination of three business aspects: management practices, business objectives and information technology. ERP helps business entities that have a wide operations base to have adequate information to carry out their vast business functions and still be able to beat their competitors in the m arket (Abramowicz and Zurada, 2001). The implementation of an ERP system in Tesco would greatly enhance the company’s performance. Tesco is a U.K. based grocery and general retailer founded in 1919. The retailer is the world’s third largest with stores in 14 countries in Europe, Asia and North America. Tesco is the largest retail company in the UK where it commands a strong 30% market share. It was originally founded as a food and drinks retailing company, but it has since diversified its business to include electronics, telecoms, financial services, clothing, health, home, car, pet insurance, dental as well as retailing, and renting music, movies, software and internet services. With this wide array of operations, it is important for the company to have an ERP system that will make it easy for the company to share information with the aim of increasing profits and beating the competition (Schneider, 2010). This paper discusses the implications of implementing a compan y-wide business information system (ERP) in Tesco Plc. Some of the issues that will be discussed in detail include: the method of application of ERP in Tesco and the benefits of the system to Tesco’s core business. Issues such as critical success factors, supplier control, design and manufacture as well as information and data management as pertaining to ERP are part of what will be discussed. The paper also looks at some of the positive and negative aspects of implementing ERP in Tesco. The requirements and conditions that must be met to implement an ERP system in the company will also be discussed. For ERP to work in any environment, there have to be various Critical Success Factors (CSFs) to support it (Monk and Wagner, 2009). In Tesco’s case, there are various CSFs which can be utilized by the company in order to make business operations much easier. These CSFs which are relevant to Tesco’s current situation are: product diversification, proper management an d good employee relations and organized data management. The fact that Tesco has a wide array of products that it sells to its customers is a big plus for the company. The situation is likely to get even better with a fool-proof ERP system. The system will make it possible for the organization to keep track of the product circulation throughout its areas of operations. Since it has several products under its banner, having a reliable EPR system will enable the company to know when the how each of the

Large-Scale Biomass Combustion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Large-Scale Biomass Combustion - Essay Example It possesses a significant need in everyday life. For instance, energy is being used for various activities that include the execution of cars for moving one place to another and televisions for the purpose of entertainment among others. Moreover, energy is also used for producing electricity and heat for different purposes. It has been apparently observed that a large percentage of energy is obtained from the combustion of biomass (Need, 2012). Â  In this paper, a critical discussion about the use of sustainable energy will be taken into concern. Moreover, the determination of large-scale business combustion as one of the sustainable options for energy generation will also be discussed in this paper. Â  Biomass Combustion is principally described as the method of burning through which 90% of the world’s energy is released to supply heat and energy services like material processing that includes food preparation, electricity, and transportation. It has been viewed as the process through which fuels are burnt with the help of oxygen (Overend, 2004). Â  Biomass combustion is considered as the oldest type of combustion that largely exploited by human beings. It is also regarded as one of the most complicated forms of the combustion system. This process of combustion entails the use of solid fuels in a multi-phase reaction system interacting with different mass fluxes. The prime understanding of the solid fuel combustion system reveals with reference to the fact that only fuel can burn and release heat. It has also been viewed that solids and liquids do not burn by themselves but consume heat in the process of drying which is required to be chemically transformed into fuel gas. There are several different materials that can be considered as biomass. These materials include solid wood, fats, and proteins (Overend, 2004).

Discuss red scare or mccarthyism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discuss red scare or mccarthyism - Essay Example Abridgement of civil liberties had had to be resorted to by the United States administration even during the Civil War in the 1860s, and even later. Many Americans had initially resented deprivation, or curtailment, of their freedoms by Abraham Lincoln, but they got reconciled to it considering the imperatives of preserving the Union and abolishing slavery. But McCarthy went berserk in his self-assumed crusade against communists who, he believed till his death shortly after his disgrace, had sneaked into the United States government. Maybe he would have got away with it, or at least got off lightly, if he had not spread his net of suspicion wide enough to include writers, Hollywood celebrities, and even common people; and when McCarthy finally pointed an accusing finger at the United States Army, he met his Waterloo. But by then he had already done irreparable damage to America's democratic institutions. Little wonder, therefore, that even today McCarthyism is synonymous with crucifi cation of innocent American citizens on the cross of unsubstantiated charges. It is against this background that the book, "Give Me Liberty: An American History" by Eric Foner becomes essential reading. "McCarthyism is often referred to as the Second Red Scare, as the (first) Red Scare refers to a time in which Americans feared communist influence in the United States from 1917 to 1920." (Encycle Media; 1990). "Throughout the 1940s and 1950s America was overwhelmed with concerns about the threat of communism growing in Eastern Europe and China. Capitalizing on these concerns, a young senator named Joseph McCarthy made a public accusation that more than 200 'card-carrying' communists had infiltrated the United States Government." (Miller; 1965) "Though eventually his accusations were proven to be untrue, and he was censured by the Senate for unbecoming conduct, his zealous campaigning ushered in one of the most repressive times in 20th century American politics." (Miller; 1965) However, "investigation of Hollywood radicals by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) in 1947 and 1951 was a continuation of pressures first exerted in the late 1930s and early 1940s by the Dies Committee and State Senator Jack Tenney's California Joint Fact-finding Committee on Un-American Activities." (Georgakas; 1992). "Between 1948 and 1956, or later, the government was engaged in political repression of the Communist Party, USA, its leadership, and others suspected of being communists. After the allegations that both assistant treasury secretary Harry Dexter White and Franklin D. Roosevelt's advisor Alger Hiss were Soviet agents, loyalty tests were required for government and other employment, and lists of 'subversive' organizations were maintained." (SourceWatch; 2008). While the witch-hunt launched by McCarthy against mostly innocent Americans has been both publicized and condemned internationally, its social costs have not received due attention. "Congressional investigations of the 1940s and the 1950s fueled the anti-communist hysteria which eventually led to investment of thousands of billions of dollars in a nuclear arsenal." (Navasky; 1980). "McCarthy

Consumer law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Consumer law - Essay Example One of the problems, which will be analyzed using General Product Safety Regulations (GPSR) 2005 for guaranteed safety of a product bought will do with Kingsley purchasing a luxury coffee machine for Miriam’s mother from Home Appliances Limited (HAL). There is also the case of Kingsley, engaging the services of Ben to provide a specified kind of wallpaper for his room, which had been advertised on television. Under the Sale of Goods Act, 1979, a buyer is entitled and has the right to receiving exactly what he or she prefers from a seller2 but it turns out that this is not what happened to Kingsley. In the last case, which talks about Consumer Protection Act, Kingsley had gone to purchase a dog, which was advertised to be a pedigree dog. The dog was also said to be a very friendly dog that would make a wonder companion of the family as a family pet. However, two months after buying the dog, it turns out that the dog is not a pedigree but a crossbreed; turning out to be a very d angerous dog. LUXURY COFFEE MACHINE As part of consumer law and practice and by statutes in the General Product Safety Regulations, 2005, consumers are given maximum protection from defective products, such that the mere fact that a consumer shows that a product was faulty and thus caused damage should be enough to guarantee a substantiated claim3. Before, consumers had to prove negligence by the manufacturers of the products before their claims could be substantiated4. In relation to the case of the purchased made by Kingsley, it would be noted that the safety of the product purchase was not fully guaranteed because it caused both damage and harm. The product became damaged in the course of its usage, whiles the user of the product suffered physical harm. Clearly, the level of damage caused is only possible in electrical appliances that have faults because of the level of hotness that was recorded5. In Abouzaid v. Mothercare (UK) Ltd., 2001, claimant’s mother purchased a Cos ytoes sleeping bag, which was designed to be attached to a child’s pushchair with elastic straps but whiles fixing the product with his mother, one of the elastic straps slipped and lashed back, causing permanent eye damage to the user. Though the claim of damages in negligence was overruled by the court, it was held that Mothercare Ltd was still liable under the Consumer Protection Act strict liability provision because defect in the product is always a major consideration over the level of care exercised by the consumer and in the case of defect in the product, exercise of care may not necessarily protect the manufacturer from ensuring that there are no defects with their products6. Based on the case law available and the binding legislation, a number of considerations will be made when giving advice for the case of Kingsley and Miriam. In the first place, the fact that the product purchased is electrical equipment means that the case comes under the range of goods covered by safety regulations. Secondly, safety regulations are binding on both new and second hand products and so the product is also covered in this case. Specifically, the fact that the luxury coffee machine caused damage and harm by becoming excessively hot means that the product was not well insulated7. Meanwhile, under both the General Product Safety Regulations (2005) and Consumer Protection Act, 1987, it is required that electrical equipm

Large-Scale Biomass Combustion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Large-Scale Biomass Combustion - Essay Example It possesses a significant need in everyday life. For instance, energy is being used for various activities that include the execution of cars for moving one place to another and televisions for the purpose of entertainment among others. Moreover, energy is also used for producing electricity and heat for different purposes. It has been apparently observed that a large percentage of energy is obtained from the combustion of biomass (Need, 2012). Â  In this paper, a critical discussion about the use of sustainable energy will be taken into concern. Moreover, the determination of large-scale business combustion as one of the sustainable options for energy generation will also be discussed in this paper. Â  Biomass Combustion is principally described as the method of burning through which 90% of the world’s energy is released to supply heat and energy services like material processing that includes food preparation, electricity, and transportation. It has been viewed as the process through which fuels are burnt with the help of oxygen (Overend, 2004). Â  Biomass combustion is considered as the oldest type of combustion that largely exploited by human beings. It is also regarded as one of the most complicated forms of the combustion system. This process of combustion entails the use of solid fuels in a multi-phase reaction system interacting with different mass fluxes. The prime understanding of the solid fuel combustion system reveals with reference to the fact that only fuel can burn and release heat. It has also been viewed that solids and liquids do not burn by themselves but consume heat in the process of drying which is required to be chemically transformed into fuel gas. There are several different materials that can be considered as biomass. These materials include solid wood, fats, and proteins (Overend, 2004).

Consumer law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Consumer law - Essay Example One of the problems, which will be analyzed using General Product Safety Regulations (GPSR) 2005 for guaranteed safety of a product bought will do with Kingsley purchasing a luxury coffee machine for Miriam’s mother from Home Appliances Limited (HAL). There is also the case of Kingsley, engaging the services of Ben to provide a specified kind of wallpaper for his room, which had been advertised on television. Under the Sale of Goods Act, 1979, a buyer is entitled and has the right to receiving exactly what he or she prefers from a seller2 but it turns out that this is not what happened to Kingsley. In the last case, which talks about Consumer Protection Act, Kingsley had gone to purchase a dog, which was advertised to be a pedigree dog. The dog was also said to be a very friendly dog that would make a wonder companion of the family as a family pet. However, two months after buying the dog, it turns out that the dog is not a pedigree but a crossbreed; turning out to be a very d angerous dog. LUXURY COFFEE MACHINE As part of consumer law and practice and by statutes in the General Product Safety Regulations, 2005, consumers are given maximum protection from defective products, such that the mere fact that a consumer shows that a product was faulty and thus caused damage should be enough to guarantee a substantiated claim3. Before, consumers had to prove negligence by the manufacturers of the products before their claims could be substantiated4. In relation to the case of the purchased made by Kingsley, it would be noted that the safety of the product purchase was not fully guaranteed because it caused both damage and harm. The product became damaged in the course of its usage, whiles the user of the product suffered physical harm. Clearly, the level of damage caused is only possible in electrical appliances that have faults because of the level of hotness that was recorded5. In Abouzaid v. Mothercare (UK) Ltd., 2001, claimant’s mother purchased a Cos ytoes sleeping bag, which was designed to be attached to a child’s pushchair with elastic straps but whiles fixing the product with his mother, one of the elastic straps slipped and lashed back, causing permanent eye damage to the user. Though the claim of damages in negligence was overruled by the court, it was held that Mothercare Ltd was still liable under the Consumer Protection Act strict liability provision because defect in the product is always a major consideration over the level of care exercised by the consumer and in the case of defect in the product, exercise of care may not necessarily protect the manufacturer from ensuring that there are no defects with their products6. Based on the case law available and the binding legislation, a number of considerations will be made when giving advice for the case of Kingsley and Miriam. In the first place, the fact that the product purchased is electrical equipment means that the case comes under the range of goods covered by safety regulations. Secondly, safety regulations are binding on both new and second hand products and so the product is also covered in this case. Specifically, the fact that the luxury coffee machine caused damage and harm by becoming excessively hot means that the product was not well insulated7. Meanwhile, under both the General Product Safety Regulations (2005) and Consumer Protection Act, 1987, it is required that electrical equipm

Tobacco Prevention Essay Example for Free

Tobacco Prevention Essay Over the past 50 years America has increased its level of knowledge towards the use of tobacco as well as enhanced its cessation techniques through the use of medication and researched programs. Despite these advancements smoking has continued to be a detrimental problem to the American public. According to the CDC, about 1,000 persons younger than 18 years of age begin smoking on a daily basis. 1 Many of the cessation programs directed at youths are still young and creating names for themselves. As a result of all the research that has been done regarding the cessation programs for youths, three effective steps have been found. First, screen for tobacco dependency within families; second, educate parents about the dangers of smoking and second hand smoke and third, counsel and the use of prescription medication. While these three techniques have been proven to be effective they are not a 100% guarantee and they dont address the major issue of actually getting the youths themselves to the programs. Research has extensively documented the harms of tobacco to people, specifically youths but none of it has stopped the tobacco industry from creating advertisements intended for youths. According to the World Health Organization Tobacco companies must attract a new eneration of tobacco users to survive. The industry constantly loses customers because many current smokers quit smoking or die from tobacco-related diseases. As a result, tobacco companies develop massive marketing campaigns to entice youth to smoke and become long-term smokers. 2 To parents, teacher and politicians the youth are the future of our country, to tobacco companies; the youth are the future of their business and their needs for survival. The problem of youth smoking is one that we cannot ignore and must continue to attack. As a whole Healthcare professionals, overnment lobbyist groups, insurance companies and most important the youth themselves all must re-commit themselves to exterminate this persistent problem at hand. Out of the 4,000 chemicals found in cigarettes, nicotine is often referred to as the most dangerous one. It is not regarded as being incredible dangerous to someones health but is feared by many people because extremely addictive. When smoke is inhaled that contains nicotine, the nicotine reaches the brain in a mere six seconds. When used in small doses nicotine acts as a stimulant to the brain or a substance that raises the levels of physiological activity in the body. In large doses it acts as a depressant and hinders the current of signals in the nervous system. Those substances which we call drugs cause their effects by mimicking some substance that naturally occurs in the body or by interfering with some process which naturally goes on. Nicotine acts in the former manner, by mimicking a naturally occurring substance in the body. 3 The substance that nicotine imitates is the chemical neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Each neuron has a protein, which is called a receptor, when nicotine is inhaled they attach on to these receptors in the place of acetylcholine. When nicotine binds to these receptors, like any other drugs they cause changes in the body. The primary changes that occur in the body due to nicotine inhalation are increases in the blood pressure and heart rate. Nicotine also nas psychoactive ettects or m -altering ettect upon use. The release of dopamine during the use of nicotine is a major contributor to the drugs highly addictive qualities. Dopamine is a chemical neurotransmitter that is naturally released in the body during a pleasurable experience. The nicotine released when smoking cigarettes release dopamine leaving the smoker with the feeling of extreme leasure, resulting in the desire to feel that way often. The evil genius of this drug is that while it produces dopamine it impedes the production of monoamine oxidase, which is responsible for the natural process of breaking down dopamine. The ability for nicotine to block the production of monoamine oxidase wears off short after the end of use, this fact causes the smokers to continue to get the urge to smoke and feel heightened levels of dopamine. 4 Nicotine dependence is defined as an addiction to tobacco products caused by the drug nicotine, meaning you cant stop using the substance despite the knowledge hat is causing you harm. The united States Department of Health and Human Services have concluded that for most youths its takes 2-3 years to become nicotine dependent but as few as 100 cigarettes to become addicted. In 2010 about 2. 6 American adolescents (aged 12-17) reported using a tobacco product in the month prior to the survey. In that same year it was found that nearly 60 percent of new smokers were under the age of 18 when they first smoked a cigarette. Of smokers under the age of 18 more then 6 million will likely die prematurely from a smoking- related disease. 6 There are two primary influences that cau se adolescents to susceptible to developing nicotine dependence, the first being peer pressure. Peer pressure is a fact of life and inevitable in your childhood and adolescence. Wheatear a person is conscious or not towards the pressure the choices and behaviors peers make affect the surrounding peers. According to Phillip Morris USA youths with at least three friends who smoke are 10 times more likely pick up the habit than youths who have friends that do not smoke. 7 The other influence that causes adolescents to be more susceptible to nicotine ependence than adults is not a psychosocial factor but a biological one. There are biological differences in adults and adolescents that leave adolescents more vulnerable to nicotine addition. Much of the research done in this sector has been executed with the use of adolescent rats and adult rats for safety reasons. Adolescent rats are more susceptible to reinforcing effects of nicotine that adult rats, and take more nicotine when it is available than do adult animals. 8 An animal study done by the National Institute on Drug Abuse has reported the negative affects that acetaldehyde has on smokers, specifically adolescents. The study found that acetaldehyde, an organic chemical compound found in cigarettes dramatically increases the reinforcing properties of nicotine and may also contribute to tobacco addiction. It was also found that acetaldehyde has an age- related effect and was far more drastic in the adolescent animals brains than the adult animals. 9 In 2009 the Philadelphia Department of Health conducted a study that found the high school smoking rate was higher in Philadelphia then any other large city. The smoking rate for high school students was 3. %, the racial breakdown of those statistics were 1. % of African Americans, 3. 1% of Hispanics and 15. 6% of Caucasians. 10 There are two main contributors that lead Philadelphia to have the highest high school smoking rate; cigarettes are cheaper in Philadelphia then any other major city and the prevalence of tobacco retailers in Philadelphia, there are 27 retailers for every 1,000 youth between the ages 10-17. 11 Pennsylvania ranked 19th in the country for price of cigarettes with an average of 5. 85 per pack, about 5$ behind New York which was ranked 1st. 2 To formulate national statistics the CDC uses the data from the National Youth Tobacco Survey. The National Youth Tobacco Survey is our countries most effective way of measuring youth tobacco use. It is a school- based, self- administered questionnaire given to middle school students (6th to 8th grade) and high school students (9th- 12th grade). It has been given every 2 years since 2000 and is used by the Healthy People Foundation to keep track of the 2020 goal it has set. In 2011 the use of all types of tobacco for middle school and high school 7. 1% and 23. % respectively and the prevalence of specific cigarette use was 4. 3% for middle school students and 18. 1% for high school students. 13 The Healthy People oals for 2020 were set in 2009 when the cigarette use rate for high school students was at 19. 5%, the overall goal is to get it down to 16% by 2020. 14 In or der to reach the goals set for 2020 it is crucial that the countries cessation programs are doing their part. Research has shown that the most effective method for youths to quit smoking is a binary method, both behavioral techniques and medication use. In terms of medication use there are two types of medicinal categories, first- line and second- line. First-line medications are the ones that tend to be used first by smokers trying to quit and second-line medications are used if the irst- line medications prove inadequate. The most simplistic first-line medications are over-the-counter and come in the form of nicotine gum, patches and lozenges. The gums, patches and lozenges all offers doses of nicotine, starting with the highest dose the smoker is supposed to reduce dose over-time with the hopes of eventual nicotine independence. Nicotine Inhalers and Nicotine nasal spray are also first- line medications that work in the same way as the gum, lozenge and patch but are prescription rather then over-the-counter. Bupropion and Varenicline are two other forms of first-line medications that are also prescription. Bupropion also known as Zyban and Varenicline also known as Chantix both work to reduce the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal and reduce the urges smokers feel. The two second-line medications are Nortriptyline known as Aventyl and Clonidine known as Catapres. Aventyl is traditionally used to teat depression but has also proved successful with tobacco cessation efforts and Catapres is generally used to treat high blood pressue, but like Aventyl has shown effective in tobacco cessation. 1 5 The behavioral techniques that are used in tobacco cessation come in two forms, an intervention style and a program style. The current research efforts that have been done regarding the intervention methods of cessation are deficient. There is simply a lack of evidence- based interventions, which makes it very difficult to Judge the success as well as improve the programs. This issue was addressed with the Canadian Tobacco Control Research Initiative, which came up with the better practices model. The better practices model is based on the idea that successful solutions to complex problems must draw from both science and experience. 16 The Canadian Tobacco Control Research Initiative came out with guidelines on what ssues should be used while developing cessation interventions. As time passes with these new guidelines and more evidence based interventions occur it shouldnt ta long to specify what are the best methods for success. 6 Programs can be more accurately researched because their data is much more accessible. A cessation program can mean many different things, ranging from face to face counseling, telephone counseling, Internet counseling and group counseling. The most effective forms of counseling have been face-to-face counseling as well as group counseling. Telephone counseling is relatively new but has showed success in its short life. Rega rdless of how the counseling has been delivered the technique that has been proved to be the most effective is the problem-solving approach. The problem-solving approach asks smokers to think of times they are likely to smoke and then planning what to do to distract themselves from the urge to smoke. 17 Social support such as encouragement and caring has not surprisingly been proven effective ways to help cessation. N-O-T, Not on Tobacco is the American Lung Associations voluntary rogram for teens that want to quit smoking has proven to be successful in the past. It is the most researched, most widely used and most successful program in the United States. (YTC) N-O-T has 7 major characteristics that have made it to successful: 18 1. Allows teens to volunteer to participate 2. Includes group activities 3. Has separate activities for boys and girls 4. Uses a total health approach 5. Consists of 10 session and can be used in school and community settings 6. Is based on more then 10 years of research 7. Is proven effective, has a 21% quit rate, higher then any other program N-O-T evelops skills, confidence and support system that teenagers need in order to quit. They understand that one of the keys to quitting smoking is to have the ability to keep your life the same without the use of cigarettes. By doing this and aiding the teens in other problems other then the smoking such as controlling weight after quitting and managing stress they have been successful. While there has been success in the cessation programs there is clearly an incredible amount of room for improvement. The most effective way to drastically improve success is creating a more accessible environment to programs. Although many youth think about and attempt to quit tobacco many are unaware of or unable to access cessation services. Also, many youth do not think quitting tobacco is difficult enough to warrant professional assistance. 19 The most important thing we can do moving forward is to better recruit youth who smoke and use tobacco. Recruiting for programs such as these should be very specific and focus are the target audience. Using the data from the National Youth Tobacco Survey it can be fgured out which ethnicity has the most smokers and recruitment techniques should be in accordance ith those number . An effective way to do this would be to tap in to previous existing social networks in a community, such as a club or a sports team. While your peers can be the reason you start smoking as a result of negative pressure they can also be the reason you quit as a result of positive pressure. Offering incentives can also be a useful technique for recruitment, offering something like pizza at meetings could raise the attendance and access. Even if the child goes into the meeting with the sole intent of getting the incentive they are still exposed to cessation efforts. One last ecruitment technique can be to use other teens as recruiters. It will give a more personalized appearance and give you the feeling that you will not be alone. It is also on the shoulders of the health insurance companies and the health care system to provide access to these youths. All health insurance policies should cover any cessation program or method used by teens to quit smoking, the high prices of some medications and some counseling practices can deter youths from making an attempt to quit. It should be the standard that all health care services monitor and care for nicotine dependency. It falls on a combination of the government, healthcare systems and public health agencies to formulate a system that can effectively treat youth nicotine dependence. It is also extremely important that high schools are smoke free; the majority of youths time is spent, as schools and creating a smoke- free environment will deter smoking amongst youth. Another way to improve the current youth cessation programs in to apply adult programs to youth specifically for interventions, the most lacking in research of all methods. Due to this lack of research on youth interventions we can use what has been proven effective with adults. The United States Public Health System has provided the public specifically adults with recommendations that have proved successful. These recommendations include: It is essential that clinicians and health care delivery systems consistently identify and document tobacco use status and treat every tobacco user seen in a health care setting, Telephone quitline counseling is effective with diverse populations and has broad reach. Therefore, clinicians and health care delivery systems should both ensure patient access to quitlines and promote quitline use along with eight other proven effective recommendations. 0 As spoken about previously there are biological differences are one of the many things that vary between youth and adults. These differences could lead to a lack of success and should encourage counselors to use adult recommendations carefully. As a country we should be encouraged by the amount of success youth cessations programs have had but also motivated to continue to improve them. While it is unrealistic to think there will be a time when there are no smokers on this earth that should be our goal. We should aim for a 0% high school smoking rate because that will drive people to continue to find successful methods. If we live with the goal of a 0% smoking rate five or ten years down the road when we look at what the youth smoking is and look at its decline, it will be drastic. If you think about it in terms of a professional baseball pitcher, he goes into each game with the mindset of pitching a perfect game and works each day towards that goal. In hindsight with a more realistic mindset he can look back on his performance and see that getting 24 out of 27 men out rather then 27 out of 27 is still a success. Cessation is not an easy process and the only thing that can make it easier is a more committed effort by all parties involved.

Conflicts Of Interest Between Managers Owners And Creditors Finance Essay

Conflicts Of Interest Between Managers Owners And Creditors Finance Essay Managers, owners and creditors usually have the same fundamental objective that is to see the business prosper in the companies. But when companies are in financial distress, conflicts of interest between managers, owners and creditors arise. The reason to answer this problem is just because managers have different goals from owners and creditors. As we know, managers are usually hired to run a business of companies on behalf of owners. Thus, some problems can arise between managers and owners because interest of ownership is separated from interest of control especially when companies fall into financial distress. Managers may pursue some goals that bring benefits to them but may not be beneficial to the owners. Owners have their own shares and they think that their shares value will be increased. They have right to indirectly control of the operating decisions that influence the companies cash flows and others. Besides, creditors are the party who provide capital to companies at rates based on the riskiness of companies assets and on companies capital structure of debt and equity financing. Conflict of interest between owners and creditors is that owners want to borrow money at the lowest rate whereas creditors decide the rate based on the risks of companies investment projects and companies themselves. The more risks compan ies have, the more required rate on the firms debt will be paid. When a company faces financial distress and may be going to bankruptcy, there are usually two solutions to settle. The first solution is reorganization and continuation as a going concern. Managers usually like this solution as they can exercise control over what goes on during the company. The second solution is liquidation and selling off of the assets of the company. Managers usually do not like this solution and may resist whereas creditors like this solution as they stand to get their money from the liquidation value first. However, managers may not want this to happen and they may seek to bribe the creditors with a promise of getting more money than they should if the latter agree to the first solution. This is not in the interest of the owners. Conflicts of interest between managers, owners and creditors always exist even when the company is profitable. Therefore, the company has a cash surplus. Managers would want this money as a financial bonus and the shareholders would want this money as a stock dividend whereas creditors get paid a fixed amount and they get paid before the owners get paid. II: In a personal financial situation, give an example of opportunity cost. In a personal financial situation, opportunity cost of any investment is the return one could earn on the next best alternative. A simple way, we can understand that opportunity is the benefit you could have received by taking an alternative action. All investments of a company involve opportunity cost. A dollar today is worth more than a dollar in one year because the dollar today can be invested and will increase more than a dollar in one year. The dollar you can get after one year carries an opportunities cost equal to the return on the forgone investment. Thus, opportunity cost is the forgoing cost and when there are a number of business alternatives. The decision makers always select the alternative which has the highest opportunity cost because if the decision maker selects any other alternative he or she has lost the opportunity. Companies usually use opportunity cost to evaluate a capital Investment project. The company can compare between the projected return and the return it would earn on the highest yielding alternative investment involving similar risk. For example, a company has a free amount of money in the bank that earning interest 10% after 1 year. If this company uses this amount of money to invest a project, it will get 15% profit after 1 year. In this example, opportunity costs of this company are 5% (15%-10%). Decision makers of a company always have to consider choosing the way which can give them the maximum benefit that can cover all costs. They use opportunity cost to analyze a project and the simplest way to estimate the opportunity cost is to compare the present choice with the next best alternative that could be made. However, it is not easy to make comparison because many alternatives do not have a market price or very difficult to calculate into money. Question III: In America, Vietnam or any other country, what is appropriate question to ask when evaluating an investment opportunity? Explain why. When evaluating an investment opportunity in America, Vienam or any other country, the appropriate question that company usually concern is what is the discount rate? The discount rate is rate of return that recognizes the time value of money. It is calculated based on cash flow expected in future from the investment. Management of a company always compares the discount rate of many projects to choose which projects with maximum return or wealth for the companys stockholders. The discount rate is also related to a risk factor that recognizes the uncertainty associated with achieving future profit forecasts. The risky projects can bring high discount rate to investors. However, it is not easy to determine the appropriate discount rate because it is calculated by using discounted cash flow techniques. Besides, the appropriate discount rate is influenced by some main factors. The first factor is related to macroeconomic conditions such as inflation, interest rates and country risksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Vietnam has higher country risks than America because Vietnamese policies can be changed very fast. The second factor is matter of the industry such as avera ge of profit ratio in the industry The third factor is the company policy which related to capital structure. Otherwise, there are some factors related to projects themselves. Evaluating the factors helps investors define discount rate and therefore they have an overview of the investment opportunity. Besides, management have to foresee the estimated future benefits are large enough to justify the current expenditure as well as the proposed investment based on capital budgeting. It is the most cost-effective way to achieve their goals. The discount rate to be applied can be based on the facts and circumstances of a particular case as well as the analysis of the likelihood of achieving forecasted lost profits. Companies have to assess the relevant factors in determining an appropriate discount rate that help them build a stronger case in support of their damage position. Question IV: Discuss the true economic cost to Daimler-Benz (Mercedes) when it purchased Chrysler in 1998. How did that workout? In May, 1998, Daimler-Benz and Chrysler Corporation, two of the worlds leading car manufacturers, agreed to combine their businesses. Daimler-Benz purchased the Chrysler Corporation at $37.3 billion. The former Chrysler Corporation was given autonomy to manufacture mass-market cars and trucks while the Germans firm continued to build luxury cars. Thus, purposes of this business for Daimler-Benz is to access to the North American market for automobiles without diluting the image of its Mercedes-Benz brand. Otherwise, with acquiring Chrysler they can get production capacity outside Germany and opportunity to learn from Chryslers envied process of making decisions quickly and bringing new vehicles to market promptly. However, the true cost to purchase the Chrysler is not $37.3 billion because the Chrysler has $15.5 billion in interest-bearing debt that makes the total price to purchase is $52.8 billion ($37.2 million + $15.5 million). Thus, Chryslers assets need to make future cash flow worth at least $52.8 billion. Therefore, the true economic cost to Daimler-Benz when it purchased Chrysler is over $52.8 billion. After purchasing Chrysler, Daimler-Benz firm had to bear many extra expenses related to changes in many factors such as leaderships, business strategy, culture clash and management styles. The Daimler is different from the Chrysler different in businesses. The Daimlers core competency is high-valued, technically advanced cars and focuses on development of luxury cars whereas Chrysler focused on mass market and considered as a very cost effective company. Moreover, European culture is far different from American style and there may appear conflict of management style in a short time. Thus, it is difficult to the business and cash flow for DaimlerChrysler in the future. Therefore, DaimlerChrysler faced failures in operating. Despite significant short and medium term expected synergies, DaimlerChrysler has been negative profits after the deal. In 2001, DaimlerChrysler got loss of $5.8 bi llion which was the biggest loss in German business history. In 2007, The Chrysler was bought of 80.1% (about $7.4 billion) by Cerberus Capital Management LP. This price is much cheaper than the price ($37.3 billon) when Daimler purchased Chrysler in 1998. After 9 years, this deal marked the divorce of Daimler and Chrysler. Question V: A sporting good manufacturer has decided to expand into a related business. Management estimates that to build and staff a facility of the desired size and to attain capacity operations would cost $275 million in present value terms. Alternatively, the company could acquire an existing firm or division with the desired capacity. One such opportunity is the division of another company. The book value of the divisions asset is $140 million and its earnings before interest and tax are presently $30 million. Publicly traded comparable companies are selling a narrow range around 12 times current earnings. The companies have debt-to-asset ratios averaging 40 percent with an average interest rate of 10 percent. Using a tax rate of 34 percent, estimate the minimum price the owner of the division should consider for its sale. Multiple = Market Value / EBIT (1-tax) Therefore, Market value = Multiple x EBIT (1-tax) Market value = 30 (1-0.34) x 12 = $237.6 million Market value = D + E D = 40% x $140 million = $ 56 million. E = Market value D = $237.6 million $ 56 million = $181.6 million. With calculation above, the minimum price the owner of the division should consider for its sale is the value of its equity (E). The minimum price is $181.6 million. b. What is the maximum price the acquirer should be willing to pay? The maximum price the acquirer should be willing to pay is the market value. In this case, it is $237.6 million c. Does it appear that that an acquisition is feasible? Why or why not? Because the companies have debt-to-asst ratios averaging 40 percent with an average interest rate of 10 percent, the price will be: $237.6 million + ($237.6 million x 40%) x 10% = $247.104 million The price above is less than $275 million. If the managements build and staff a facility, they have to pay $275 million. Thus, this acquisition is feasible. Otherwise, the company can utilize staff and facility. d. Would a 25 percent increase in stock prices to an industry average price-to-earnings ratio of 15 change your answer to (C)? Why or why not? In this situation, Market Value = $237.6 million x 1.25 = $297 million. The price in this situation is more than $275 million. If the managements build and staff a facility, they have to pay $275 million. Thus, with 25% increase in stock prices to an industry average price-to-earnings ratio of 15%, my answer to (c) will be changed. e. Referring to the $275 million price tag on the replacement value of the division, what would you predict would happen to acquisition activity when market values of companies and divisions rise above their replacement values? When market values of companies and divisions rise above their replacement value and related to the $275 million price tag on the replacement value of the division, I predict that the company will acquire existing firm or division with the desired capacity instead of building and staffing new facility. Question VI: What does it mean when a companys free cash flow is negative in one or more years? Free cash flow always measures how much money a company generates after deducting maintenance capital expenditure, but before capital expenditure on expansion. Free cash flow is important for any company because it a company can pursue opportunities that increase shareholder value with free cash flow. It is difficult for a company to launch new products, make any acquisition, pay dividends and reduce debt without enough cash. In theory, Free Cash Flow = Net Income + Amortization/Depreciation- Changes in Working Capital Capital Expenditures. Thus, if the free cash flow is negative in one or more years, company may have large investments. If these investments get a high return, profits that a company attains are more than costs to be paid. Otherwise, a profitable business or in some particular industries may have negative cash flow especially in the beginning of investments. In these cases, negative free cash flow of a company can be accepted in a short time but not in a long time. b. Do negative values of free cash flow in way alter or invalidate the notion that a companys fair market value equals the present value of its free cash flows discounted at the companys weighted average cost of capital? Free cash flow is the amount of cash a company has after expenses, debt service, capital expenditures, and dividends. The higher the free cash flow of a company, the stronger the companys Balance Sheet. Free cash flow can affect the value of a firm. Negative free cash flow can not define the value and it has no sense. However, negative values of free cash flow invalidate the notion that a companys fair market value equals the present value of its free cash flows discounted at the companys weighted average cost of capital. Some divisions of a company may accept loss in order to increase free cash flow of a company in the future. c. Suppose a companys free cash flows were expected to be negative in all future periods. Can you conceive of any reasons for buying the companys stock? Free cash flow is the most important number to be needed to know about a company before buying its stock. Big companies usually throw off large sums of free cash flow whereas young or growing companies may have a negative free cash flow. We can buy the companys stock if the companys free cash flow in the short time. However, if a companys cash flow were expected to be negative in all future periods, we should not buy their stock because the companys finance situation is not good. The company may get troubles in sales, heavy debt, ineffective investments or other causes in operation that result to a cash flow with higher expenditures than income. With negative cash flow in all periods, the company may have to bankruptcy. Therefore, there is no reason for buying its stock. However, if we know that the company has some big projects and will get high return in the long time, we can consider buying the companys stock because large investments can make the company having negative cash.

Personal Narrative - My University Education Essay -- Personal Narrati

My University Education When I decided to attend State University, I pictured university education as an "Ivory Tower". I thought that I would be able to drown myself in my studies and not be affected by everyday life. Boy was I wrong. I found out in the fall of my freshman year that university education isn't the Ivory Tower that I pictured it to be. I was working 32 hours each week and attending classes full time and therefore, didn't have the time to devote to my studies that I had wanted to. When I look at my university education now, I can picture it as a trip that a family takes in the car. It's full of things that you want to see, things you don't want to see, and things you don't care about. The family begins the trip by planning where to go and what to do. Similar to a university education, a person plans what major to pursue and what classes to take. Just as travel plans always change, university plans always change. The major that was chosen changes to a different major and classes that the student planned to take are exchanged for other classes. Before th... Personal Narrative - My University Education Essay -- Personal Narrati My University Education When I decided to attend State University, I pictured university education as an "Ivory Tower". I thought that I would be able to drown myself in my studies and not be affected by everyday life. Boy was I wrong. I found out in the fall of my freshman year that university education isn't the Ivory Tower that I pictured it to be. I was working 32 hours each week and attending classes full time and therefore, didn't have the time to devote to my studies that I had wanted to. When I look at my university education now, I can picture it as a trip that a family takes in the car. It's full of things that you want to see, things you don't want to see, and things you don't care about. The family begins the trip by planning where to go and what to do. Similar to a university education, a person plans what major to pursue and what classes to take. Just as travel plans always change, university plans always change. The major that was chosen changes to a different major and classes that the student planned to take are exchanged for other classes. Before th...

The College Rioting Problem Essay -- Journalism Journalistic Essays

The College Rioting Problem It’s a frigid January night, and the home team just won the big game so hundreds of college students pour out into the streets. The celebration begins with cheers and hugs, but quickly the tone begins to change. The drunken crowd continues to grow, blocking the streets with thousands of students and young adults. Fires are started, women bare their breasts, cars are flipped, and property destroyed as the celebration becomes a destructive riot. This recent phenomenon sweeping college campuses throughout the nation has been titled â€Å"celebratory rioting,† when a large-scale celebration turns into a violent mob. Celebratory riots are characterized by the fact that they involve a large unruly group under the influence of alcohol with no political goals or understood focus for the violence. The rational of this campus craze has left many school administrators, city officials, and students perplexed. â€Å"I just don’t understand it†¦We had alcohol in my day but this wasn’t happening,† said Ed Klotzbier, Northeastern University's Vice President of Student Affairs. To investigate the issue, he has set up a Community Building Task Force at Northeastern University. A board of student leaders, professors, and administrators sit on the Community Building Task Force at Northeastern to present short-term ways to control rioting as well as long-term courses of change to better the university and community relations and bring an end to the rioting trend. In 2002 and 2004 students crowded out of their buildings after the Patriots won the Super Bowl and a small group caused destruction to city property and cars near the Northeastern campus. â€Å"We are the sheltered generation†¦we feel like we have no control over what we d... ...† The five-hour event at the Curry Student Center created a forum for students to share ideas about changing the campus climate to create a more unified campus. Students also discusses reasons for and possible solutions to the rioting craze. In the week following the riots Michael Romano, who was then President of the Student Government Association, set up a six-person panel to answer student questions, in light of criticism by the city. "I think a lot of student leaders have felt really frustrated that this event was a reflection of the integrity and the character of all the students," Romano told the Northeastern News at the time. Though the rioting problem at Northeastern has not become a common weekend event, the school is taken many steps to stop the abhorrent behavior, understand the phenomenon and build a stronger community for students and area residents.

Administrative Law Rev Essay

Freedom of Information Act 1982 is entirely in the interest of public who can have access to various documents of government of Victoria and its public agencies for verification or for any other useful purpose.   The sole objective of FOI Act is to bring awareness among public whether the functioning and operations of government are in order   and how public analyze the same. Section 22 provides about the charges to be paid for having access to specific documents.   The section provides technical details of payment of fee that is calculated with time that is taken for search of documents.   This is particularly due to the fact that   the time taken for search of documents may vary depending on the date of publication of document. This is also in order to reduce the payment of fee to be paid by public.   All sectors of public may not afford to pay high rate of fees for having access to government documents.   In view of such as these reasons, hourly rate and time taken for search of documents has been included in this section. The section also covers transcription (h)   and routine requests (g)   and in case of inspection of documents no charge shall be calculated (f) in pursuance of Section 8(1) or 11(1). Section 27 clearly states about reasons of refusal of documents by a Minister of state to that effect, applicant shall be informed about the reasons in writing.   This section is somewhat complicated with the fact that a minister or a government official is a servant of public and with that motive, public must be provided access to the documents which is the sole purpose of FOI Act. This section is likely to give rise to conflicts between and may bring a deep dissatisfaction to public. Some of the documents that contain health information are also restricted with the provisions of Health   Records Act 2001, which of these reasons are also to be stated to applicant.   Although there are clauses for applying of review of decisions, launch complain to Ombudsmen, it is both time consuming and   undecisive for applicants to move further with such grievances. Section 50 deals with applications for review which would be pending with Tribunal for decisions.   This may pertain to a request for document, charge made, decision for access, or any other specific request regarding information under FOI Act.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Tribunal in all respects has to deal with each individual case, giving its due importance of provisions along with genuine reasons. This section is in favor of public, as Tribunal shall reconsiders and reviews the decisions and grants permissions to public in various aspects that are relevant to FOI Act. The Tribunal may refuse the decision of Minister or agency and give an order in favor of public. Those issues or requests for documents which were not considered by Minister, are very well resolved at Tribunal by applicants. Section 51 states that an applicant may apply to Principal officer or Minister for review of decision, which was given in the deemed absence within 28 days   for review of decision or refusing to give access to health documents as per Section 36 of Health Records Act 2001. This section offers powers and opportunities to public   for   reconsideration of requests for having access to documents.   Applicants have to be excessively vigilant in deriving the maximum benefit from the government bodies and officials.  Ã‚  Ã‚   This section is both useful for public and for principal officers to check the veracity of facts in all respects. Section 51A  Ã‚  Ã‚   deals with conciliation of Health Service Commissioner   which state that issues that were deferring in Section 50 and 51 in the matters of health documents, may suitably be taken up by applicant with this section and apply for Health Service Commissioner’s decision.   In case Health Service Commissioner fails to conciliate a request, to that effect an notice in writing must be issued to both applicant and Principal Officer. This appears as a last resort for applicant as the decision of Health Service Commissioner is the final approach for an applicant. Conclusion The enactment of FOI is made with a view of regularizing the functioning and to increase the   working efficiency of governments.   Apart from this fact, the public are also provided an in-depth knowledge about information and working status of governments. Although there are many technicalities involved in FOI Act, each section, sub-section and clause, a significance of reason is attached to it for the benefit of both public and governing bodies.